{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T12:48:49Z","timestamp":1772801329012,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DC12519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DC12519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DC010367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DC010367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7821-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,16]],"date-time":"2015-06-16T02:36:13Z","timestamp":1434422173000},"page":"2064-2072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sample size calculations for clinical trials targeting tauopathies: a new potential disease target"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Whitwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edythe A.","family":"Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Machulda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nirubol","family":"Tosakulwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Weigand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Senjem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Spychalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Gunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald C.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Clifford R.","family":"Jack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith A.","family":"Josephs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"7821_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70088-2","volume":"13","author":"AL Boxer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boxer AL, Lang AE, Grossman M, Knopman DS, Miller BL, Schneider LS et al (2014) Davunetide in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2\/3 trial. Lancet Neurol 13:676\u2013685","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"7821_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.1.1","volume":"47","author":"I Litvan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Litvan I, Agid Y, Calne D, Campbell G, Dubois B, Duvoisin RC et al (1996) Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop. Neurology 47:1\u20139","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7821_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25824","volume":"29","author":"E Tolosa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tolosa E, Litvan I, Hoglinger GU, Burn D, Lees A, Andres MV et al (2014) A phase 2 trial of the GSK-3 inhibitor tideglusib in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 29:470\u2013478","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"7821_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10488","volume":"18","author":"KA Josephs","year":"2003","unstructured":"Josephs KA, Dickson DW (2003) Diagnostic accuracy of progressive supranuclear palsy in the Society for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy brain bank. Mov Disord 18:1018\u20131026","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"7821_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0396-4","volume":"254","author":"DC Paviour","year":"2007","unstructured":"Paviour DC, Price SL, Lees AJ, Fox NC (2007) MRI derived brain atrophy in PSP and MSA-P. Determining sample size to detect treatment effects. J Neurol 254:478\u2013481","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"7821_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.10.013","volume":"18","author":"JL Whitwell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Whitwell JL, Xu J, Mandrekar JN, Gunter JL, Jack CR Jr, Josephs KA (2012) Rates of brain atrophy and clinical decline over 6 and 12-month intervals in PSP: determining sample size for treatment trials. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18:252\u2013256","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"7821_CR7","first-page":"131","volume":"3","author":"E Golden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Golden E, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Parisi JE, Dickson DW, Josephs KA (2014) Primary progressive apraxia of speech associated with progressive supranuclear palsy pathology. Am J Neurodegener Dis 3:131 [conference abstract]","journal-title":"Am J Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"7821_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790590963004","volume":"11","author":"KA Josephs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Josephs KA, Boeve BF, Duffy JR, Smith GE, Knopman DS, Parisi JE et al (2005) Atypical progressive supranuclear palsy underlying progressive apraxia of speech and nonfluent aphasia. Neurocase 11:283\u2013296","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"7821_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl078","volume":"129","author":"KA Josephs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Josephs KA, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Whitwell JL, Layton KF, Parisi JE et al (2006) Clinicopathological and imaging correlates of progressive aphasia and apraxia of speech. Brain 129:1385\u20131398","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"7821_CR10","volume-title":"Motor speech disorders: substrates, differential diagnosis, and management","author":"JR Duffy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Duffy JR (2005) Motor speech disorders: substrates, differential diagnosis, and management. Mosby, St Louis"},{"key":"7821_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829c5ed5","volume":"81","author":"KA Josephs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Josephs KA, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Machulda MM, Senjem ML, Lowe VJ et al (2013) Syndromes dominated by apraxia of speech show distinct characteristics from agrammatic PPA. Neurology 81:337\u2013345","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7821_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws032","volume":"135","author":"KA Josephs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Josephs KA, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Machulda MM, Senjem ML, Master AV et al (2012) Characterizing a neurodegenerative syndrome: primary progressive apraxia of speech. Brain 135:1522\u20131536","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"7821_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c7198e","volume":"74","author":"V Deramecourt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deramecourt V, Lebert F, Debachy B, Mackowiak-Cordoliani MA, Bombois S, Kerdraon O et al (2010) Prediction of pathology in primary progressive language and speech disorders. Neurology 74:42\u201349","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7821_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32833be924","volume":"23","author":"DW Dickson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dickson DW, Ahmed Z, Algom AA, Tsuboi Y, Josephs KA (2010) Neuropathology of variants of progressive supranuclear palsy. Curr Opin Neurol 23:394\u2013400","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"7821_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu223","volume":"137","author":"KA Josephs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Josephs KA, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Machulda MM, Senjem ML, Gunter JL et al (2014) The evolution of primary progressive apraxia of speech. Brain 137:2783\u20132795","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"7821_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.01.002","volume":"20","author":"MR Wicklund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wicklund MR, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Whitwell JL, Machulda MM, Josephs KA (2013) Aphasia with left occipitotemporal hypometabolism: a novel presentation of posterior cortical atrophy? J Clin Neurosci 20:1237\u20131240","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"7821_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1208","volume":"19","author":"B Borroni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borroni B, Alberici A, Grassi M, Turla M, Zanetti O, Bianchetti A et al (2010) Is frontotemporal lobar degeneration a rare disorder? Evidence from a preliminary study in Brescia county, Italy. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis 19:111\u2013116","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"7821_CR18","first-page":"925","volume":"62","author":"JK Johnson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson JK, Diehl J, Mendez MF, Neuhaus J, Shapira JS, Forman M et al (2005) Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: demographic characteristics of 353 patients. Arch Neurol 62:925\u2013930","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"7821_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12004","volume":"20","author":"JL Whitwell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Whitwell JL, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Machulda MM, Senjem ML, Gunter JL et al (2013) Neuroimaging comparison of primary progressive apraxia of speech and progressive supranuclear palsy. Eur J Neurol 20:629\u2013637","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"7821_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.06.008","volume":"51","author":"EA Strand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strand EA, Duffy JR, Clark HM, Josephs K (2014) The apraxia of speech rating scale: a tool for diagnosis and description of apraxia of speech. J Commun Disord 51:43\u201350","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"key":"7821_CR21","first-page":"35","volume":"1","author":"K Yorkson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yorkson K, Strand EA, Miller R, Hillel A, Smith K (1993) Speech deterioration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: implications for the timing of intervention. J Med Speech Lang Pathol 1:35\u201346","journal-title":"J Med Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"7821_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.04.030","volume":"23","author":"EB Lewis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lewis EB, Fox NC (2004) Correction of differential intensity inhomogeneity in longitudinal MR images. Neuroimage 23:75\u201383","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"7821_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1109\/42.640753","volume":"16","author":"PA Freeborough","year":"1997","unstructured":"Freeborough PA, Fox NC (1997) The boundary shift integral: an accurate and robust measure of cerebral volume changes from registered repeat MRI. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 16:623\u2013629","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"7821_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10325","volume":"18","author":"JL Gunter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gunter JL, Shiung MM, Manduca A, Jack CR Jr (2003) Methodological considerations for measuring rates of brain atrophy. J Magn Reson Imaging 18:16\u201324","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"7821_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000386","volume":"82","author":"CR Jack Jr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jack CR Jr, Wiste HJ, Knopman DS, Vemuri P, Mielke MM, Weigand SD et al (2014) Rates of beta-amyloid accumulation are independent of hippocampal neurodegeneration. Neurology 82:1605\u20131612","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7821_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978","volume":"15","author":"N Tzourio-Mazoyer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N et al (2002) Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage 15:273\u2013289","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"7821_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2256","volume":"25","author":"L Acion","year":"2006","unstructured":"Acion L, Peterson JJ, Temple S, Arndt S (2006) Probabilistic index: an intuitive non-parametric approach to measuring the size of treatment effects. Statist Med 25:591\u2013602","journal-title":"Statist Med"},{"key":"7821_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2323","volume":"25","author":"RG Newcombe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Newcombe RG (2006) Confidence intervals for an effect size measure based on the Mann-Whitney statistic. Part 1: general issues and tail-area-based methods. Statist Med 25:543\u2013557","journal-title":"Statist Med"},{"key":"7821_CR29","volume-title":"Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models","author":"A Gelman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gelman A, Hill J (2007) Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models. Cambridge University Press, New York"},{"key":"7821_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.02.005","volume":"125","author":"JL Whitwell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Whitwell JL, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Xia R, Mandrekar J, Machulda MM et al (2013) Distinct regional anatomic and functional correlates of neurodegenerative apraxia of speech and aphasia: an MRI and FDG-PET study. Brain Lang 125:245\u2013252","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"7821_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25843","volume":"29","author":"I Litvan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Litvan I, Kong M (2014) Rate of decline in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 29:463\u2013468","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"7821_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.011","volume":"48","author":"X Hua","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hua X, Lee S, Yanovsky I, Leow AD, Chou YY, Ho AJ et al (2009) Optimizing power to track brain degeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment with tensor-based morphometry: an ADNI study of 515 subjects. Neuroimage 48:668\u2013681","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"7821_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.077","volume":"57","author":"NC Fox","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fox NC, Ridgway GR, Schott JM (2011) Algorithms, atrophy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: cautionary tales for clinical trials. Neuroimage 57:15\u201318","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"7821_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-0062","volume":"26","author":"MC Ard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ard MC, Edland SD (2011) Power calculations for clinical trials in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis 26(Suppl 3):369\u2013377","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"7821_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.104","volume":"51","author":"X Hua","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hua X, Lee S, Hibar DP, Yanovsky I, Leow AD, Toga AW et al (2010) Mapping Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression in 1309 MRI scans: power estimates for different inter-scan intervals. Neuroimage 51:63\u201375","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7821-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7821-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7821-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7821-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]],"date-time":"2020-05-16T12:57:43Z","timestamp":1589633863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7821-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["7821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7821-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2015","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2015","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2015","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}