{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:22:16Z","timestamp":1786980136178,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]],"date-time":"2017-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511481600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8684-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]],"date-time":"2017-11-24T00:54:16Z","timestamp":1511484856000},"page":"141-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Pediatric Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis: a systematic review of literature and case series"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"265","author":[{"given":"Jonathan Douglas","family":"Santoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel V.","family":"Lazzareschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia Jane","family":"Campen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith P.","family":"Van Haren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"8684_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195607122550201","volume":"255","author":"M Fisher","year":"1956","unstructured":"Fisher M (1956) An unusual variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis\u2014syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia. N Engl J Med 255(2):57\u201365","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"8684_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0775-0","volume":"255","author":"M Ito","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ito M, Kuwabara S, Odaka M, Misawa S, Koga M, Hirata K, Yuki N (2008) Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis and Fisher syndrome form a continuous spectrum: clinical analysis of 581 cases. J Neurol 255(5):674\u2013682","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"8684_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.8.1104","volume":"56","author":"M Mori","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, Yuki N, Hattori T (2001) Clinical features and prognosis of Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology 56(8):1104\u20131106","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"8684_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303060","volume":"83","author":"M Koga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koga M, Kusunoki S, Kaida K, Uehara R, Nakamura Y, Kohriyama T, Kanda T (2012) Nationwide survey of patients in Japan with Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis: epidemiological and clinical characteristics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83(12):1210\u20131215","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"8684_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13090","volume":"58","author":"Y Hacohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hacohen Y, Nishimoto Y, Fukami Y, Lang B, Waters P, Lim MJ, Yuki N et al (2016) Paediatric brainstem encephalitis associated with glial and neuronal autoantibodies. Dev Med Child Neurol 58(8):836\u2013841","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"8684_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1255-y","volume":"34","author":"D Ajena","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ajena D, Ferrari S, Romito S, Zagila F, Biban P, Squintani G (2013) A pediatric case of Miller Fisher syndrome with central involvement. Neurol Sci. 34(9):1689\u20131690","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"8684_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.3.481","volume":"105","author":"AN Al-Din","year":"1982","unstructured":"Al-Din AN, Anderson M, Bickerstaff ER, Harvey I (1982) Brainstem encephalitis and the syndrome of Miller Fisher: a clinical study. Brain 105(Pt 3):481\u2013495","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"8684_CR8","first-page":"226","volume":"113","author":"AP Arias","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arias AP, Santoni A, Goenaga B, Martinez MJ, Gonzalez N (2015) Sindrome de Bickerstaff: caso Clinico. Arch Argent Pediatr 113(4):226\u2013229","journal-title":"Arch Argent Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"8684_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313494","volume":"229","author":"F Barontini","year":"1983","unstructured":"Barontini F, Sit\u00e1 D (1983) The nosological position of Fisher\u2019s syndrome\u2014ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia. J Neurol 229(1):33\u201344","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8684_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1970.tb07865.x","volume":"12","author":"W Bell","year":"1970","unstructured":"Bell W, Van Allen M, Blackman J (1970) Fisher syndrome in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 12(6):758\u2013766","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"8684_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380101600708","volume":"16","author":"DY Bradshaw","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bradshaw DY, Jones HR (2001) Pseudomeningoencephalitic presentation of pediatric Guillain Barre syndrome. J*** Child Neurol 16(7):505\u2013508","journal-title":"J*** Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8684_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuarg.2016.03.001","volume":"8","author":"A Campos-Segovia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Campos-Segovia A, Perez-Villena A, Martinez J, Sanchez CZ, Blanco-Martin AB, Aurrecoechea JF, Izquierdo SM, Jimenez-Martinez J (2016) Encefalitis de tronco de Bickerstaff atipica: 2 casos pediatricos. Neurol Argent 8(3):181\u2013186","journal-title":"Neurol Argent"},{"issue":"3B","key":"8684_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2008000500027","volume":"66","author":"A Damasceno","year":"2008","unstructured":"Damasceno A, Franca MC Jr, Pimenta DS, Deus-Silva L, Nucci A, Damasceno BP (2008) Bickerstaff\u2019s encephalitis, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and idiopathic intracranial hypertension: are they related conditions? Arg Neuropsiquiatr 66(3B):744\u2013746","journal-title":"Arg Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"8684_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289303200613","volume":"32","author":"ER Eggenberger","year":"1993","unstructured":"Eggenberger ER, Coker S, Menezes M (1993) Pediatric Miller Fisher syndrome requiring intubation: a case report. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 32(6):372\u2013375","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"1","key":"8684_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(97)00141-0","volume":"18","author":"A Fargas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fargas A, Roig M, Vazquez E, Fit\u00f3 A (1998) Brainstem involvement in a child with ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, areflexia syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 18(1):73\u201375","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8684_CR16","first-page":"483","volume":"48","author":"A Fargas i Busquets","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fargas i Busquets A, Roig Quilis M, Gratac\u00f2s Vinyola M, Macaya Ruiz A, del Toro Riera M, Fit\u00f3 Costa A (1998) Ophthalmoplegia-ataxia-areflexia in pediatrics three new patients and review of the literature. An Esp Pediatr 48(5):483\u2013488","journal-title":"An Esp Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"8684_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00379-8","volume":"178","author":"RJ Fox","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fox RJ, Kasner SE, Galetta SL, Chalela JA (2000) Treatment of Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis with immune globulin. J Neurol Sci 178(2):88\u201390","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"8684_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2006.11.001","volume":"29","author":"J Genizi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Genizi J, Kasis I, Schif A, Shahar E (2007) Effect of high-dose methyl-prednisolone on brainstem encephalopathy and basal ganglia impairment complicating cat scratch disease. Brain Dev. 29(6):377\u2013379","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"8684_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.11.002","volume":"48","author":"RC Gologorsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gologorsky RC, Barakos JA, Sahebkar F (2013) Rhomb- and Bickerstaff encephalitis: two clinical phenotypes? Pediatr Neurol 48(3):244\u2013248","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"8684_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-295","volume":"5","author":"C Han","year":"2012","unstructured":"Han C, Wang Y, Jia J, Ji X, Fredrickson V, Ding Y, Sun W et al (2012) Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis, Miller\u2013Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome overlap in an asthma patient with negative anti-ganglioside antibodies. BMC Res Notes 5:295","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"8684_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.2.260","volume":"58","author":"A Kanzaki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kanzaki A, Yabuki S, Yuki N (1995) Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis associated with cytomegalovirus infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58(2):260\u2013261","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"8684_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389701200612","volume":"12","author":"M Kikuchi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kikuchi M, Tagawa Y, Iwamoto H, Hoshino H, Yuki N (1997) Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis associated with IgG anti-GQ1b antibody subsequent to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: favorable response to immunoadsorption therapy. J Child Neurol 12(6):403\u2013405","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"8684_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000244468.22377.6b","volume":"67","author":"K Kimoto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kimoto K, Koga M, Odaka M, Hirata K, Takahashi M, Li J, Gilbert M, Yuki N (2006) Relationship of bacterial strains to clinical syndromes of Campylobacter-associated neuropathies. Neurology 67(10):1837\u20131843","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"8684_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00409-0","volume":"24","author":"H Matsumoto","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matsumoto H, Kobayashi O, Tamura K, Ohkawa T, Sekine I (2002) Miller Fisher syndrome with transient coma: comparison with Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis. Brain Dev 24(2):98\u2013101","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"8684_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2003.09.008","volume":"217","author":"M Matsuo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Matsuo M, Odaka M, Koga M, Tsuchiya K, Hamasaki Y, Yuki N (2004) Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis associated with IgM antibodies to GM1b and GalNAc-GD1a. J Neurol Sci 217(2):225\u2013228","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8684_CR26","first-page":"61","volume":"45","author":"PM Meyer Sauteur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meyer Sauteur PM, Relly C, Hackenberg A, Stahr N, Berger C, Bloemberg GV, Jacobs E et al (2014) Mycoplasma pneumoniae intrathecal antibody responses in Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis. Neuropediatrics 45(1):61\u201363","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"8684_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2014.57.12.542","volume":"57","author":"JY Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park JY, Ko KO, Lim JW, Cheon EJ, Yoon JM, Kim HJ (2014) A pediatric case of Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis. Korean J Pediatr 57(12):542\u2013545","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"issue":"17","key":"8684_CR28","first-page":"2496","volume":"18","author":"P Pavone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pavone P, Le Pira A, Greco F, Vitaliti G, Smilari PL, Parano E, Falsaperla R (2014) Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis (BBE) in childhood: rapid resolution after intravenous immunoglobulins treatment. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 18(17):2496\u20132499","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"8684_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289303201109","volume":"32","author":"K Ragosta","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ragosta K (1993) Miller Fisher syndrome, a brainstem encephalitis, mimics brain death. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 32(11):685\u2013687","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"4","key":"8684_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.3204.2000457","volume":"32","author":"AR Reyes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reyes AR, Garc\u00e9s P, Reig R, Martin\u00e9z E, Sebasti\u00e1n I, Herrera M (2001) Benign encephalitis of the brainstem. Rev Neurol 32(4):341\u2013344","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"8684_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2014.57.10.457","volume":"57","author":"YI Rho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rho YI (2014) Overlapping Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis associated with Epstein Barr virus. Korean J Pediatr 57(10):457\u2013460","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"8684_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.21.5.537","volume":"21","author":"RJ Schain","year":"1971","unstructured":"Schain RJ, Wilson G (1971) Brainstem encephalitis with radiographic evidence of medullary enlargement. Neurology 21(5):537\u2013539","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"8684_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2003.09.004","volume":"30","author":"FM Sonmez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sonmez FM, Odemis E, Ahmetoglu A, Ayvaz A (2004) Brainstem encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following mumps. Pediatr Neurol 30(2):132\u2013134","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8684_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738060210061401","volume":"21","author":"AC Steer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steer AC, Starr M, Kornberg AJ (2006) Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. J Child Neurol 21(6):533\u2013534","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8684_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050051","volume":"13","author":"K Suzuki","year":"1997","unstructured":"Suzuki K, Meguro K, Nakayama J, Aoki T, Tsurushima H (1997) MRI of an infant with Fisher syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst 13(2):95\u201396","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"8684_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(86)80100-0","volume":"8","author":"N Tachi","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tachi N, Tsuzuki Y, Minami R (1986) A case of brainstem encephalitis with CT scan abnormality mimicking Fisher syndrome. Brain Dev 8(5):538\u2013541","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"8684_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.09.009","volume":"42","author":"M Tsapis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsapis M, Laugel V, Koob M, de Saint Martin A, Fischbach M (2010) A pediatric case of Fisher\u2013Bickerstaff spectrum. Pediatr Neurol 42(2):147\u2013150","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"8684_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872013000900016","volume":"141","author":"SMR Uribe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uribe SMR, Su\u00e1rez HF, Sandoval RP, Mellado TP (2013) Anti-GQ1b syndrome: a report of four cases. Rev Med Chil 141(9):1211\u20131215","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil"},{"issue":"3","key":"8684_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.123718","volume":"8","author":"KN Venkateshwara Prasad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Venkateshwara Prasad KN, Venkatesh KS, Devi NG (2013) Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis in pediatrics\u2014a case report. J Pediatr Neurosci 8(3):263\u2013264","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"8684_CR40","first-page":"115","volume":"10","author":"F Villalobos Chaves","year":"1995","unstructured":"Villalobos Chaves F, Casado Choc\u00e1n JL, Moreno Rojas A, Serrano Castro V (1995) Miller\u2013Fisher syndrome and encephalitis of the brainstem. Neurologia 10(2):115\u2013116","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"issue":"793","key":"8684_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.67.793.1011","volume":"67","author":"GM Wali","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wali GM (1991) Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis associated with typhoid fever. Postgrad Med J 67(793):1011\u20131012","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"8684_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.5.680","volume":"68","author":"N Yuki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yuki N, Odaka M, Hirata K (2000) Bickerstaff\u2019s brainstem encephalitis subsequent to Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68(5):680\u2013681","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"8684_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.1.50","volume":"70","author":"M Odaka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Odaka M, Yuki N, Hirata K (2001) Anti-GQ1b IgG antibody syndrome: clinical and immunological range. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70(1):50\u201355","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"8684_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6986-z","volume":"260","author":"IL Tan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tan IL, Mowry EM, Steele SU, Pardo CA, McArthur J, Nath A, Venkatesan A (2013) Brainstem encephalitis: etiologies, treatment and predictors of outcome. J Neurol 260(9):2312\u20132319","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"8684_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overell JR, Hseih ST, Odaka M, Yuki N, Willison HJ (2007) Treatment for Fisher syndrome, Bickerstaff\u2019s brain-stem encephalitis and related disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Art. no.: CD004761)","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004761.pub2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-017-8684-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-017-8684-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-017-8684-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T09:13:55Z","timestamp":1751015635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-017-8684-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["8684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-017-8684-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]]}}}