{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:50:13Z","timestamp":1793217013388,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544140800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9147-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T08:22:51Z","timestamp":1544170971000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"267","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0951-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caspar Godthaab","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Kristian","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal Mohammad","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Lindelof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"9147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","volume":"115","author":"EY Klein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klein EY et al (2018) Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115(15):E3463\u2013E3470","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"9147_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70054-8","volume":"11","author":"DJ Morgan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morgan DJ et al (2011) Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 11(9):692\u2013701","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"9147_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002455","volume":"86","author":"S Bhattacharyya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya S et al (2016) Antibiotic-associated encephalopathy. Neurology 86(10):963\u2013971","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9147_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1086\/647939","volume":"50","author":"S Lofmark","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lofmark S, Edlund C, Nord CE (2010) Metronidazole is still the drug of choice for treatment of anaerobic infections. Clin Infect Dis 50(Suppl 1):S16\u2013S23","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.033","volume":"51","author":"TA Goolsby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goolsby TA, Jakeman B, Gaynes RP (2018) Clinical relevance of metronidazole and peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Antimicrob Agents 51(3):319\u2013325","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"7","key":"9147_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","volume":"6","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A et al (2009) The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 6(7):e1000100","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-016-2147-5","volume":"73","author":"E Agah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agah E et al (2017) Metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity presenting with sudden bilateral hearing loss, encephalopathy, and cerebellar dysfunction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 73(2):249\u2013250","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6365","DOI":"10.4081\/ni.2016.6365","volume":"8","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agarwal A et al (2016) Metronidazole-Induced Cerebellar Tox. Neurol Int 8(1):6365","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"9147_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.3.588","volume":"45","author":"A Ahmed","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Loes DJ, Bressler EL (1995) Reversible magnetic resonance imaging findings in metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Neurology 45(3 Pt 1):588\u2013589","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"9147_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-223463","author":"W AlDhaleei","year":"2018","unstructured":"AlDhaleei W, AlMarzooqi A, Gaber N (2018) Reversible metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity after 10 weeks of therapy. BMJ Case Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2017-223463","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"9147_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)91214-0","volume":"145","author":"RS Alvarez","year":"1983","unstructured":"Alvarez RS et al (1983) Central nervous system toxicity related to prolonged metronidazole therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 145(5):640\u2013641","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000046052","volume":"89","author":"N Arik","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arik N, Cengiz N, Bilge A (2001) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a uremic patient: a case report. Nephron 89(1):108\u2013109","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.83.44","volume":"83","author":"EH Bae","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bae EH et al (2016) Metronidazole-Induced Encephalopathy: a case report. J Nippon Med Sch 83(2):44\u201345","journal-title":"J Nippon Med Sch"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2010.48.3.301","volume":"48","author":"Y Bahn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bahn Y et al (2010) Metronidazole induced encephalopathy in a patient with brain abscess. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 48(3):301\u2013304","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR15","first-page":"290","volume":"137","author":"J Bailes","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bailes J et al (1983) Encephalopathy with metronidazole in a child. Am J Dis Child 137(3):290\u2013291","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"11","key":"9147_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001932","volume":"85","author":"JE Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates JE, Almast J, Augustine EF (2015) Neonatal dentate nucleus T2 hyperintensity after in utero metronidazole exposure. Neurology 85(11):1006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9147_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9629(15)40762-1","volume":"319","author":"Y Beloosesky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beloosesky Y et al (2000) Convulsions induced by metronidazole treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated disease in chronic renal failure. Am J Med Sci 319(5):338\u2013339","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-015-0485-1","volume":"115","author":"C Bonda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonda C, Evans MS (2015) Metronidazole CNS toxicity. Acta Neurol Belg 115(4):709\u2013710","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000242579.37851.26","volume":"68","author":"JL Bonkowsky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonkowsky JL, Sondrup C, Benedict SL (2007) Acute reversible cerebellar lesions associated with metronidazole therapy. Neurology 68(3):180","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270010362905","volume":"51","author":"MM Bottenberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bottenberg MM et al (2011) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: a case report and review of the literature. J Clin Pharmacol 51(1):112\u2013116","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9147_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2260-8","volume":"36","author":"G Cacao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cacao G et al (2015) Metronidazole-induced central and peripheral nervous system toxicity. Neurol Sci 36(9):1737\u20131739","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874412470667","volume":"3","author":"AA Cantador","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cantador AA et al (2013) Nonconvulsive status with metronidazole. Neurohospitalist 3(4):185\u2013189","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200211000-00016","volume":"26","author":"KM Cecil","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cecil KM et al (2002) Reversible MR imaging and MR spectroscopy abnormalities in association with metronidazole therapy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26(6):948\u2013951","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"5","key":"9147_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.86552","volume":"59","author":"J Chacko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chacko J et al (2011) Clinical, neuroimaging and pathological features of 5-nitroimidazole-induced encephalo-neuropathy in two patients: Insights into possible pathogenesis. Neurol India 59(5):743\u2013747","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"1393","key":"9147_CR25","first-page":"120","volume":"127","author":"S Chakrabarti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chakrabarti S, Pan K (2014) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: an uncommon scenario. N Z Med J 127(1393):120\u2013122","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR26","first-page":"TD06","volume":"10","author":"S Chandak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chandak S et al (2016) A case report of metronidazole induced neurotoxicity in liver abscess patient and the usefulness of MRI for its diagnosis. J Clin Diagn Res 10(1):TD06\u2013T7","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"9147_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1453-9","volume":"40","author":"JA Chatzkel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chatzkel JA, Vossough A (2010) Metronidazole-induced cerebellar toxicity. Pediatr Radiol 40(8):1453","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.132424","volume":"62","author":"TS Chaudhari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chaudhari TS, Malhotra HS, Garg RK (2014) Face of the giant panda with bright eyes in metronidazole neurotoxicity. Neurol India 62(2):212\u2013213","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3350\/kjhep.2011.17.2.157","volume":"17","author":"HC Cheong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheong HC et al (2011) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Korean J Hepatol 17(2):157\u2013160","journal-title":"Korean J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9147_CR30","first-page":"221","volume":"116","author":"A Clements","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clements A (2017) Case report of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. WMJ 116(5):221\u2013223","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000085506","volume":"53","author":"JL Bleecker De","year":"2005","unstructured":"De Bleecker JL, Leroy BP, Meire VI (2005) Reversible visual deficit and Corpus callosum lesions due to metronidazole toxicity. Eur Neurol 53(2):93\u201395","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xxix","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00721-9","volume":"3","author":"VP Deenadayalu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deenadayalu VP et al (2005) Abnormal enhancing lesion of dentate nuclei causing neurologic symptoms induced by metronidazole toxicity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3(3):xxix","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9147_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.12.018","volume":"22","author":"SL Demel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Demel SL, Jovin TG, Jadhav AP (2015) Metronidazole toxicity presenting with acute onset of aphasia and right sided weakness. J Clin Neurosci 22(7):1199\u20131200","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100011951","volume":"38","author":"JA Desai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Desai JA et al (2011) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: case report and review of MRI findings. Can J Neurol Sci 38(3):512\u2013513","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"9147_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003030","volume":"87","author":"A Dhar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dhar A et al (2016) Mystery case: metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Neurology 87(9):e89\u2013e90","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"19","key":"9147_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182918cf2","volume":"80","author":"SE Erdener","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erdener SE et al (2013) Brain MRI evolution of metronidazole intoxication. Neurology 80(19):1816\u20131817","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"9147_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.18071\/isz.70.0429","volume":"70","author":"F Eren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eren F et al (2017) A case with reversible neurotoxicity induced by metronidazole. Ideggyogy Szem 70(11\u201312):429\u2013432","journal-title":"Ideggyogy Szem"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2011.04.008","volume":"168","author":"A Etxeberria","year":"2012","unstructured":"Etxeberria A et al (2012) Metronidazole-cerebellopathy associated with peripheral neuropathy, downbeat nystagmus, and bilateral ocular abduction deficit. Rev Neurol (Paris) 168(2):193\u2013195","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"15","key":"9147_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1505174","volume":"374","author":"D Farmakiotis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farmakiotis D, Zeluff B (2016) Images in clinical medicine. Metronidazole-associated encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 374(15):1465","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9147_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foreid H et al. (2009) Reversible iatrogenic subacute cerebellar syndrome, myoclonus and MRI findings following metronidazole administration. BMJ Case Rep","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.05.2009.1841"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-88-3-361","volume":"88","author":"S Frytak","year":"1978","unstructured":"Frytak S, Moertel CH, Childs DS (1978) Neurologic toxicity associated with high-dose metronidazole therapy. Ann Intern Med 88(3):361\u2013362","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9147_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.03.039","volume":"352","author":"S Furukawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Furukawa S et al (2015) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy with contrast enhancing lesions on MRI. J Neurol Sci 352(1\u20132):129\u2013131","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"9147_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22624","volume":"24","author":"M Galvez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galvez M, Brahm J, Miranda M (2009) Movement disorders as a manifestation of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a patient with chronic liver disease. Mov Disord 24(12):1864\u20131866","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"9147_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-206162","author":"MS Godfrey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Godfrey MS, Finn A, Zainah H, Dapaah-Afriyie K (2015) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy after prolonged metronidazole course for treatment of C. difficile colitis. BMJ Case Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2014-206162","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9147_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.06.011","volume":"285","author":"TD Graves","year":"2009","unstructured":"Graves TD et al (2009) Reversible metronidazole-induced cerebellar toxicity in a multiple transplant recipient. J Neurol Sci 285(1\u20132):238\u2013240","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2010.01.018","volume":"32","author":"MV Groothoff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Groothoff MV et al (2010) Irreversible encephalopathy after treatment with high-dose intravenous metronidazole. Clin Ther 32(1):60\u201364","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"9147_CR47","first-page":"617","volume":"51","author":"AK Gupta","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gupta AK et al (2003) Metrondazole-induced neurotoxicity. J Assoc Physicians India 51:617\u2013618","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"5","key":"9147_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808201600511","volume":"16","author":"TJ Halloran","year":"1982","unstructured":"Halloran TJ (1982) Convulsions associated with high cumulative doses of metronidazole. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 16(5):409","journal-title":"Drug Intell Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2007.01.127","volume":"34","author":"N Hammami","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hammami N et al (2007) Reversible metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. J Neuroradiol 34(2):133\u2013136","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9147_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/jgf2.53","volume":"18","author":"Y Hanji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hanji Y et al (2017) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy associated with treatment for liver abscesses. J Gen Fam Med 18(5):265\u2013267","journal-title":"J Gen Fam Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.111903","volume":"45","author":"A Hari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hari A, Srikanth BA, Lakshmi GS (2013) Metronidazole induced cerebellar ataxia. Indian J Pharmacol 45(3):295\u2013297","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR52","first-page":"77","volume":"63","author":"A Haridas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haridas A et al (2015) Metronidazole-Induced Encephalopathy in Chronic Diarrhoea. J Assoc Physicians India 63(6):77\u201379","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"8","key":"9147_CR53","first-page":"1615","volume":"24","author":"CJ Heaney","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heaney CJ, Campeau NG, Lindell EP (2003) MR imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging changes in metronidazole (Flagyl)-induced cerebellar toxicity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24(8):1615\u20131617","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9147_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.9496","volume":"52","author":"M Higashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Higashi M et al (2013) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Intern Med 52(7):843\u2013844","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-014-0102-9","volume":"22","author":"K Hobbs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hobbs K et al (2015) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: not always a reversible situation. Neurocrit Care 22(3):429\u2013436","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"9147_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.10028","volume":"34","author":"CK Horlen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Horlen CK, Seifert CF, Malouf CS (2000) Toxic metronidazole-induced MRI changes. Ann Pharmacother 34(11):1273\u20131275","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR57","first-page":"74","volume":"21","author":"YT Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang YT, Chen LA, Cheng SJ (2012) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: case report and review literature. Acta Neurol Taiwan 21(2):74\u201378","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.14245\/kjs.2012.9.1.44","volume":"9","author":"GH Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang GH et al (2012) Metronidazole induced encephalopathy with peripheral polyneuropathy in patient with spinal cord injury. Korean J Spine 9(1):44\u201348","journal-title":"Korean J Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.120472","volume":"16","author":"A Iqbal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iqbal A et al (2013) Clinical and imaging perspective and unanswered questions in a case of metronidazole induced encephalopathy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 16(4):569\u2013571","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2004.tb00266.x","volume":"14","author":"H Ito","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ito H et al (2004) Reversible cerebellar lesions induced by metronidazole therapy for helicobacter pylori. J Neuroimaging 14(4):369\u2013371","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"9147_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.06.042","volume":"379","author":"D Iwadate","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iwadate D et al (2017) Thiamine deficiency in metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: a metabolic correlation? J Neurol Sci 379:324\u2013326","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2012.52.3.273","volume":"52","author":"HJ Jang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jang HJ et al (2012) Atypical metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in anaerobic brain abscess. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 52(3):273\u2013276","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e318294f389","volume":"29","author":"I Kafadar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kafadar I et al (2013) A rare adverse effect of metronidazole: nervous system symptoms. Pediatr Emerg Care 29(6):751\u2013752","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.69355","volume":"20","author":"V Kalia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kalia V, Vibhuti, Saggar K (2010) Case report: MRI of the brain in metronidazole toxicity. Indian J Radiol Imaging 20(3):195\u2013197","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"issue":"9787","key":"9147_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60996-3","volume":"378","author":"K Khodakaram","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khodakaram K, Barmano N (2011) Uncommon reaction to a common prescription. Lancet 378(9787):288","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9147_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.06.012","volume":"224","author":"DW Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim DW et al (2004) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci 224(1\u20132):107\u2013111","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"9147_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0655","volume":"28","author":"E Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim E et al (2007) MR imaging of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: lesion distribution and diffusion-weighted imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28(9):1652\u20131658","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"9147_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-63","volume":"5","author":"H Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim H et al (2011) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a patient with infectious colitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 5:63","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2017.15.1.124","volume":"15","author":"J Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim J et al (2017) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a patient with Crohn\u2019s disease. Intest Res 15(1):124\u2013129","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100012531","volume":"38","author":"SM Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim SM et al (2011) Serially changing metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Can J Neurol Sci 38(6):921\u2013924","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"9147_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209258","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/209258","volume":"2012","author":"JP Knorr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knorr JP et al (2012) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a patient with end-stage liver disease. Case Reports Hepatol 2012:209258","journal-title":"Case Reports Hepatol"},{"key":"9147_CR72","first-page":"96","volume":"6","author":"P Kumari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumari P et al (2016) Metronidazole induced neurotoxicity in a case of liver abscess. Int J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis 6:96\u201399","journal-title":"Int J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2016.07.091","volume":"52","author":"A Kuriyama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuriyama A (2017) Chestnut sign: metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. J Emerg Med 52(1):101\u2013102","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3182334b35","volume":"34","author":"A Kuriyama","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuriyama A et al (2011) Metronidazole-induced central nervous system toxicity: a systematic review. Clin Neuropharmacol 34(6):241\u2013247","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-93-1-59","volume":"93","author":"RK Kusumi","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kusumi RK et al (1980) Central nervous system toxicity associated with metronidazole therapy. Ann Intern Med 93(1):59\u201360","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.2.346","volume":"19","author":"R Lawford","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lawford R, Sorrell TC (1994) Amebic abscess of the spleen complicated by metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity: case report. Clin Infect Dis 19(2):346\u2013348","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.16021","volume":"10","author":"HC Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee HC, Kim YE, Ma HI (2017) Metronidazole-induced craniocervical myoclonus with reversible bilateral dentate nucleus lesions. J Mov Disord 10(1):67\u201368","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR78","first-page":"743","volume":"27","author":"JH Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee JH et al (2008) Metronidazole-induced toxic encephalopathy in a hemodialysis patient: a case report. Korean J Nephrol 27(6):743\u2013746","journal-title":"Korean J Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e31817e6f58","volume":"33","author":"SS Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee SS et al (2009) Reversible inferior colliculus lesion in metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: magnetic resonance findings on diffusion-weighted and fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 33(2):305\u2013308","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"32","key":"9147_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E961","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.180231","volume":"190","author":"A Lefkowitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lefkowitz A, Shadowitz S (2018) Reversible cerebellar neurotoxicity induced by metronidazole. CMAJ 190(32):E961","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"1105","key":"9147_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2017-134967","volume":"93","author":"J McCabe","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCabe J, Neale J, Varghese A (2017) A case of metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity. Postgrad Med J 93(1105):712","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"9147_CR82","first-page":"485","volume":"61","author":"MM Mehndiratta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehndiratta MM, Pandey S, Nayak R (2013) Metronidazole encephalopathy. J Assoc Physicians India 61(7):485","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.203817","volume":"8","author":"GK Mittal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mittal GK et al (2017) Dentate hyperintensities\u2014the imaging signature of metronidazole induced encephalopathy. J Neurosci Rural Pract 8(2):272\u2013273","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2255-8","volume":"19","author":"K Mizuta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mizuta K et al (2018) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a patient with pyogenic spondylitis: a case report. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 19(1):336","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"9147_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.165308","volume":"81","author":"AN Moosa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moosa AN, Perkins D (2010) Neurological picture. MRI of metronidazole induced cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81(7):754\u2013755","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/ncn3.58","volume":"1","author":"M Moriya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moriya M et al (2013) Reversible lesions of cerebellar dentate nuclei associated with metronidazole therapy. Neurol Clin Neurosci 1(6):227\u2013228","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2484\/rcr.v3i4.239","volume":"3","author":"H Mulcahy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mulcahy H, Chaddha SK (2008) MRI of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Radiol Case Rep 3(4):239","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"9147_CR88","first-page":"843","volume":"62","author":"R Naqi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naqi R, Azeemuddin M, Beg MA (2012) Magnetic resonance imaging of metronidazole induced encephalopathy. J Pak Med Assoc 62(8):843\u2013844","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"9147_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcu115","volume":"107","author":"PS Ng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ng PS, Saini M (2014) Reversible metronidazole-induced subacute cerebellar syndrome. QJM 107(12):1051\u20131052","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/jgf2.91","volume":"18","author":"Y Onuma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Onuma Y et al (2017) Irreversible metronidazole encephalopathy in an elderly woman with primary biliary cholangitis. J Gen Fam Med 18(6):436\u2013438","journal-title":"J Gen Fam Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-012-0169-7","volume":"23","author":"A Papathanasiou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Papathanasiou A et al (2013) Metronidazole-induced reversible encephalopathy in a patient with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Clin Neuroradiol 23(3):217\u2013219","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.76882","volume":"59","author":"KI Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park KI, Chung JM, Kim JY (2011) Metronidazole neurotoxicity: sequential neuroaxis involvement. Neurol India 59(1):104\u2013107","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.03.006","volume":"12","author":"K Patel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Patel K et al (2008) Cerebellar ataxia following prolonged use of metronidazole: case report and literature review. Int J Infect Dis 12(6):e111\u2013e114","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"9147_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-018-1904-0","volume":"13","author":"I Rizvi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rizvi I et al (2018) Metronidazole-associated encephalopathy: a reversible condition. Intern Emerg Med 13(8):1323\u20131325","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR95","first-page":"OE01","volume":"10","author":"U Roy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roy U et al (2016) Clinical and neuroradiological spectrum of metronidazole induced encephalopathy: our experience and the review of literature. J Clin Diagn Res 10(6):OE01\u2013O9","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"9147_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandip S, Afshan I, Khandelwal RK (2015) MR features of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. BMJ Case Rep","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-212609"},{"issue":"9","key":"9147_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090591","volume":"181","author":"JR Sarna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sarna JR, Brownell AK, Furtado S (2009) Cases: reversible cerebellar syndrome caused by metronidazole. CMAJ 181(9):611\u2013613","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5151.158422","volume":"5","author":"S Senthilkumaran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Senthilkumaran S et al (2015) Metronidazole encephalopathy: uncommon reaction to a common drug. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 5(2):123\u2013124","journal-title":"Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"9147_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.12.1796","volume":"60","author":"JI Seok","year":"2003","unstructured":"Seok JI et al (2003) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy and inferior olivary hypertrophy: lesion analysis with diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient maps. Arch Neurol 60(12):1796\u20131800","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"9147_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1102-6","volume":"153","author":"A Sevy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sevy A et al (2011) Central and peripheral neurotoxicity of metronidazole after treatment for brain abscess. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 153(12):2491\u20132492","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"9147_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-007688","author":"F Simonetta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simonetta F, Christou F, Vandoni RE, Nierle T (2013) Walking unsteadily: a case of acute cerebellar ataxia. BMJ Case Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2012-007688","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_341_16","volume":"27","author":"R Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh R et al (2017) Sequential MR imaging (with diffusion-weighted imaging) changes in metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Indian J Radiol Imaging 27(2):129\u2013132","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2016.05.038","volume":"51","author":"N Sonthalia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sonthalia N et al (2016) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in alcoholic liver disease: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. J Emerg Med 51(4):e79\u2013e83","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000485915","volume":"10","author":"CG S\u00f8rensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen CG et al. (2018) Convulsive seizures as presenting symptom of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: a case report. Case Rep Neurol 10(1):34\u201337","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.193788","volume":"64","author":"YS Sudan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sudan YS et al (2016) Headphone sign: Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Neurol India 64(6):1374\u20131376","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"9","key":"9147_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.cr.2018-0107","volume":"58","author":"K Takada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takada K et al (2018) Metronidazole Induced encephalopathy mimicking an acute ischemic stroke event. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 58(9):400\u2013403","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.194118","volume":"82","author":"CH Tan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tan CH et al (2011) Painful neuropathy due to skin denervation after metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82(4):462\u2013465","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0574","volume":"98","author":"D Taniyama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taniyama D, Maruki T (2018) Metronidazole-associated encephalopathy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98(2):351\u2013352","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"9147_CR109","first-page":"72","volume":"64","author":"N Thakkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thakkar N et al (2016) Metronidazole Induced Encephalopathy. J Assoc Physicians India 64(11):72\u201374","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"5","key":"9147_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.09.013","volume":"174","author":"BK Vitturi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vitturi BK et al (2018) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Rev Neurol (Paris) 174(5):342\u2013343","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"1718","key":"9147_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.150573","volume":"188","author":"LL Vivas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vivas LL et al (2016) An 82-year-old man with ataxia and dysarthria. CMAJ 188(17\u201318):1251\u20131254","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2014-000974","volume":"15","author":"F Ward","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ward F, Crowley P, Cotter PE (2015) Acute cerebellar syndrome associated with metronidazole. Pract Neurol 15(4):298\u2013299","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9147_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.38.9.1076-b","volume":"38","author":"M Wienbren","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wienbren M et al (1985) Convulsions and encephalopathy in a patient with leukemia after treatment with metronidazole. J Clin Pathol 38(9):1076","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200201033460117","volume":"346","author":"BK Woodruff","year":"2002","unstructured":"Woodruff BK, Wijdicks EF, Marshall WF (2002) Reversible metronidazole-induced lesions of the cerebellar dentate nuclei. N Engl J Med 346(1):68\u201369","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"9147_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.7042-15","volume":"57","author":"S Yagi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yagi S, Matsumoto H, Hashida H (2018) Asymmetric magnetic resonance imaging findings in metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Intern Med 57(13):1955\u20131956","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/ncn3.161","volume":"3","author":"T Yagi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yagi T et al (2015) Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy and myoclonus: case report and a review of the literature. Neurol Clin Neurosci 3(3):111\u2013113","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR117","first-page":"295","volume":"4","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yamamoto T et al (2012) Metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity developed in liver cirrhosis. J Clin Med Res 4(4):295\u2013298","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"9147_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.08.021","volume":"92","author":"JC Yui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yui JC, Bonnes SL (2017) 74-Year-old woman with dysarthria and left lower extremity weakness. Mayo Clin Proc 92(6):973\u2013977","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9147_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.09.022","volume":"335","author":"A Souza de","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Souza A, Narvencar KP, Sindhoora KV (2013) The neurological effects of methyl bromide intoxication. J Neurol Sci 335(1\u20132):36\u201341","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"9147_CR120","first-page":"2050313 \u00d7 15621","volume":"3","author":"KG Gopinath","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gopinath KG et al (2015) Ornidazole-induced ataxia in an Indian woman: a case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 3:2050313 \u00d7 15621857","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.178897","volume":"81","author":"O Taskapilioglu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taskapilioglu O et al (2010) Reversible cerebellar toxicity during treatment with ornidazole: the first case report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81(3):349\u2013350","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"9147_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5138","volume":"38","author":"KM Bond","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bond KM et al (2017) Dentate update: imaging features of entities that affect the dentate nucleus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 38(8):1467\u20131474","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2015.09.010","volume":"71","author":"S Khadilkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khadilkar S et al (2016) A practical approach to diseases affecting dentate nuclei. Clin Radiol 71(1):107\u2013119","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9147_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(79)90329-6","volume":"133","author":"MJ Dainer","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dainer MJ (1979) Untoward reaction to Flagyl (metronidazole). Am J Obstet Gynecol 133(8):939\u2013940","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"9147_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.4.559","volume":"154","author":"K Davidson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Davidson K, Clare AW (1989) Psychotic illness following termination of pregnancy. Br J Psychiatry 154:559\u2013560","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231 e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.11.009","volume":"36","author":"M Khandheria","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khandheria M, Snook E, Thomas C (2014) Psychotic episode secondary to metronidazole use. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 36(2):231 e3\u2013e4","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"9147_CR127","first-page":"1170","volume":"154","author":"W Schreiber","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schreiber W, Spernal J (1997) Metronidazole-induced psychotic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154(8):1170\u20131171","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-4-199602150-00015","volume":"124","author":"MD Uhl","year":"1996","unstructured":"Uhl MD, Riely CA (1996) Metronidazole in treating portosystemic encephalopathy. Ann Intern Med 124(4):455","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR129","first-page":"33","volume":"69","author":"O Zahiruddin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zahiruddin O, Shanooha M, Mohd MY, Azhar (2014) Psychosis induced by cefuroxime and metronidazole. Med J Malaysia 69(1):33\u201334","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"issue":"5","key":"9147_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199936050-00004","volume":"36","author":"KC Lamp","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lamp KC et al (1999) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nitroimidazole antimicrobials. Clin Pharmacokinet 36(5):353\u2013373","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"4","key":"9147_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00007-10","volume":"23","author":"R Nau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nau R, Sorgel F, Eiffert H (2010) Penetration of drugs through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid\/blood-brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 23(4):858\u2013883","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(88)90184-9","volume":"49","author":"JB Cavanagh","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cavanagh JB (1988) Lesion localisation: implications for the study of functional effects and mechanisms of action. Toxicology 49(1):131\u2013136","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686856","volume":"25","author":"Pv Rogulja","year":"1973","unstructured":"Rogulja Pv, Kovac W, Schmid H (1973) Metronidazol-encephalopathie der ratte. Acta Neuropathol 25(1):36\u201345","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(87)90577-7","volume":"257","author":"TA Alston","year":"1987","unstructured":"Alston TA, Abeles RH (1987) Enzymatic conversion of the antibiotic metronidazole to an analog of thiamine. Arch Biochem Biophys 257(2):357\u2013362","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"2","key":"9147_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3959","volume":"192","author":"G Zuccoli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zuccoli G, Pipitone N (2009) Neuroimaging findings in acute Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy: review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192(2):501\u2013508","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9147_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1280","volume":"30","author":"G Zuccoli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zuccoli G et al (2009) MR imaging findings in 56 patients with Wernicke encephalopathy: nonalcoholics may differ from alcoholics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(1):171\u2013176","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9147_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02452.x","volume":"17","author":"J Evans","year":"2003","unstructured":"Evans J et al (2003) Diazepam as a treatment for metronidazole toxicosis in dogs: a retrospective study of 21 cases. J Vet Intern Med 17(3):304\u2013310","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6087","key":"9147_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6087.610","volume":"2","author":"WG Bradley","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bradley WG, Karlsson IJ, Rassol CG (1977) Metronidazole neuropathy. Br Med J 2(6087):610\u2013611","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"24","key":"9147_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60872-5","volume":"262","author":"DN Rao","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rao DN, Mason RP (1987) Generation of nitro radical anions of some 5-nitrofurans, 2- and 5-nitroimidazoles by norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. A possible mechanism for neurotoxicity caused by nitroheterocyclic drugs. J Biol Chem 262(24):11731\u201311736","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9147-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9147-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9147-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T20:58:08Z","timestamp":1662584288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9147-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["9147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9147-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 October 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Patient data in this review have previously been published with consent in accordance with the ethical standards in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}},{"value":"Patient consent was obtained for the images shown in Fig.\u00a0.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}