{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:59:52Z","timestamp":1777388392506,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008659","name":"European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MultipleMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MultipleMS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Margaretha af Ugglas foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9163-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T10:24:16Z","timestamp":1545387856000},"page":"481-486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Familial risk of early- and late-onset multiple sclerosis: a Swedish nationwide study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"266","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Westerlind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9081-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyla A.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Almqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pernilla","family":"Stridh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Kockum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hillert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Manouchehrinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"9163_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/377150a0","volume":"377","author":"GC Ebers","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD, Risch NJ (1995) A genetic basis for familial aggregation in multiple sclerosis. Nature 377:150\u2013151. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/377150a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9163_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70267-4","volume":"14","author":"L Belbasis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Belbasis L, Bellou V, Evangelou E et al (2015) Environmental risk factors and multiple sclerosis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Lancet Neurol 14:263\u2013273. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70267-4","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"9163_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq147","volume":"133","author":"C Pierrot-Deseilligny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Souberbielle J-C (2010) Is hypovitaminosis D one of the environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis? Brain 133:1869\u20131888. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awq147","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9163_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.187","volume":"13","author":"T Olsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olsson T, Barcellos LF, Alfredsson L (2016) Interactions between genetic, lifestyle and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 13:25\u201336. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.187","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"9163_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt356","volume":"137","author":"H Westerlind","year":"2014","unstructured":"Westerlind H, Ramanujam R, Uvehag D et al (2014) Modest familial risks for multiple sclerosis: a registry-based study of the population of Sweden. Brain 137:770\u2013778. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awt356","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9163_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52001-2.00014-5","volume":"122","author":"C Confavreux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Confavreux C, Vukusic S (2014) The clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol 122:343\u2013369. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-52001-2.00014-5","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"9163_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s350","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-004-0339-8","volume":"25","author":"V Martinelli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martinelli V, Rodegher M, Moiola L, Comi G (2004) Late onset multiple sclerosis: clinical characteristics, prognostic factors and differential diagnosis. Neurol Sci 25:s350\u2013s355. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-004-0339-8","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"9163_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurx.2006.01.011","volume":"3","author":"D Chabas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chabas D, Green AJ, Waubant E (2006) Pediatric multiple sclerosis. NeuroRx 3:264\u2013275. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.158","journal-title":"NeuroRx"},{"key":"9163_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.2.184","volume":"72","author":"AE Hensiek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hensiek AE (2002) HLA-DR 15 is associated with female sex and younger age at diagnosis in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:184\u2013187. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.72.2.184","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"9163_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200008)48:2<211::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-R","volume":"48","author":"T Masterman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Masterman T, Ligers A, Olsson T et al (2000) HLA-DR15 is associated with lower age at onset in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 48:211\u2013219","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"9163_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0980","volume":"73","author":"N Isobe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Isobe N, Keshavan A, Gourraud P-A et al (2016) Association of HLA genetic risk burden with disease phenotypes in multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 73:795\u2013802","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"9163_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2017.07.005","volume":"75","author":"R Cappa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cappa R, Theroux L, Brenton JN (2017) Pediatric multiple sclerosis: genes, environment, and a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Pediatr Neurol 75:17\u201328. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2017.07.005","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"9163_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135245851773355","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517733551","volume":"24","author":"MA Gianfrancesco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gianfrancesco MA, Stridh P, Shao X et al (2017) Genetic risk factors for pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 24:1352458517733551. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458517733551","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"9163_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","volume":"11","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ludvigsson JF, Andersson E, Ekbom A et al (2011) External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register. BMC Public Health 11:450. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 195","key":"9163_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12023","volume":"126","author":"O Andersen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andersen O (2012) From the Gothenburg cohort to the Swedish multiple sclerosis registry. Acta Neurol Scand 126(Suppl 195):13\u201319. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ane.12023","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"9163_CR16","unstructured":"Stawiarz L, Manouchehrinia A, Fertner A, Tidemalm D, Hillert J (2018) Robust evaluation of MS prevalence in Sweden based on the National Patient Registry data by modelling of a distribution of inpatient and outpatient care events, reported with MS diagnosis. In: ECTRIMS Online Library,\u00a0Oct 10, 2018, 228200"},{"key":"9163_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516684214","author":"J Song","year":"2017","unstructured":"Song J, Karrenbauer V, Manouchehrinia A et al (2017) Similar familial risk in multiple sclerosis subgroups. Mult Scler J. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458516684214","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"9163_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.3.719","volume":"50","author":"AD Sadovnick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sadovnick AD, Yee IML, Ebers GC, Risch NJ (1998) Effect of age at onset and parental disease status on sibling risks for MS. Neurology 50:719\u2013723. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.50.3.719","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"9163_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.0173","volume":"22","author":"C Montomoli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Montomoli C, Prokopenko I, Caria A et al (2002) Multiple sclerosis recurrence risk for siblings in an isolated population of Central Sardinia, Italy. Genet Epidemiol 22:265\u2013271. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gepi.0173","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"9163_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi280","volume":"162","author":"NM Nielsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nielsen NM, Westergaard T, Rostgaard K et al (2005) Familial risk of multiple sclerosis: a nationwide cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 162:774\u2013778. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwi280","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"9163_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517733551","author":"MA Gianfrancesco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gianfrancesco MA, Stridh P, Shao X et al (2017) Genetic risk factors for pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458517733551","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"9163_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509350312","volume":"16","author":"J-S Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu J-S, Qiu W, Castley A et al (2010) Modifying effects of HLA-DRB1 allele interactions on age at onset of multiple sclerosis in Western Australia. Mult Scler 16:15\u201320. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458509350312","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"9163_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10251","volume":"476","author":"S Sawcer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sawcer S, Hellenthal G, Pirinen M et al (2011) Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Nature 476:214\u2013219. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10251","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9163_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.1","volume":"6","author":"AE Handel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Handel AE, Giovannoni G, Ebers GC, Ramagopalan SV (2010) Environmental factors and their timing in adult-onset multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 6:156\u2013166","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"9163_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515578770","volume":"21","author":"M Cortese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cortese M, Riise T, Bj\u00f8rnevik K et al (2015) Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: the EnvIMS study. Mult Scler 21:1856\u20131864. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458515578770","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9163_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S144","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.059204","volume":"95","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rothman KJ, Greenland S (2005) Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. Am J Public Health 95(Suppl 1):S144\u2013S150. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2004.059204","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9163-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9163-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9163-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T19:06:38Z","timestamp":1576868798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9163-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["9163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9163-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 December 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"On behalf of all co-authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest specific to this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Stockholm regional ethical committee at Karolinska Institutet and has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}