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Higher rates of morbidity and mortality are seen in low-income and middle-income countries making it a global health challenge. There has been a secular trend towards reduced incidence of severe TBI in the first world, driven by public health interventions such as seatbelt legislation, helmet use, and workplace health and safety regulations. This has paralleled improved outcomes following TBI delivered in a large part by the widespread establishment of specialised neurointensive care. This update will focus on three key areas of advances in TBI management and research in moderate and severe TBI: refining neurointensive care protocolized therapies, the recent evidence base for decompressive craniectomy and novel pharmacological therapies. In each section, we review the developing evidence base as well as exploring future trajectories of TBI research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09541-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]],"date-time":"2019-09-28T13:46:04Z","timestamp":1569678364000},"page":"2878-2889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":408,"title":["Recent advances in traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"266","author":[{"given":"Abdelhakim","family":"Khellaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyal Zaman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"9541_CR1","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Decompressive craniectomy\u2014operative technique and perioperative care. 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