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For 18 exposures not suitable for MR analysis, we conducted a systematic review to obtain the latest meta-analyses evidence on their associations with MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood and adulthood body mass index were positively associated with MS, whereas physical activity and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were inversely associated with MS. There was evidence of possible associations of type 2 diabetes, waist circumference, body fat percentage, age of puberty and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Data of systematic review showed that exposure to organic solvents, Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus virus infection, and diphtheria and tetanus vaccination were associated with MS risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study identified several modifiable risk factors for primary prevention of MS that should inform public health policy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10119-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T16:03:58Z","timestamp":1596038638000},"page":"114-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["An atlas on risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"268","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna C.","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10119_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70267-4","volume":"14","author":"L Belbasis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Belbasis L, Bellou V, Evangelou E, Ioannidis JP, Tzoulaki I (2020) Environmental risk factors and multiple sclerosis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. 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Detailed information of used instrumental variables will be assessable upon a reasonable request to corresponding author. Ethical approval for the present MR study was not considered because these de-identified data came from summary statistics and no individual-level data were used. Summary-level genetic data for MS at the discovery stage can be downloaded at the website:.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}