{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:39:48Z","timestamp":1787585988645,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23EY027849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23EY027849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10352-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T08:02:47Z","timestamp":1609660967000},"page":"111-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The changing landscape of optic neuritis: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"Lindsey B.","family":"De Lott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.2.244","volume":"45","author":"M Rodriguez","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rodriguez M et al (1995) Optic neuritis: a population-based study in Olmsted County Minnesota. Neurology 45(2):244\u2013250","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1972.01000020137004","volume":"87","author":"AK Percy","year":"1972","unstructured":"Percy AK, Nobrega FT, Kurland LT (1972) Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis An epidemiologic study. Arch Ophthalmol 87(2):135\u2013139","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10352_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7266-2","volume":"261","author":"EH Mart\u00ednez-Lapiscina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Lapiscina EH et al (2014) Is the incidence of optic neuritis rising? Evidence from an epidemiological study in Barcelona (Spain), 2008\u20132012. J Neurol 261(4):759\u2013767","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10352_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517734070","volume":"23","author":"K Soelberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soelberg K et al (2017) A population-based prospective study of optic neuritis. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 23(14):1893\u20131901","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10352_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1159\/000112858","volume":"29","author":"LC Woung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Woung LC et al (2007) Optic neuritis among National Health Insurance enrollees in Taiwan, 2000\u20132004. Neuroepidemiology 29(3\u20134):250\u2013254","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10352_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.5470","volume":"136","author":"L Stunkel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stunkel L et al (2018) Incidence and causes of overdiagnosis of optic neuritis. JAMA Ophthalmol 136(1):76\u201381","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10352_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202273260901","volume":"326","author":"RW Beck","year":"1992","unstructured":"Beck RW et al (1992) A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. N Engl J Med 326(9):581\u2013588","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10352_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000593","volume":"38","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen JJ et al (2018) Optic disc edema in glial fibrillary acidic protein autoantibody-positive meningoencephalitis. J Neuroophthalmol 38(3):276\u2013281","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10352_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.314","volume":"69","author":"MA Mealy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mealy MA et al (2012) Epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica in the United States: a multicenter analysis. Arch Neurol 69(9):1176\u20131180","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10352_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2007.26","volume":"126","author":"RM Papais-Alvarenga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Papais-Alvarenga RM et al (2008) Clinical course of optic neuritis in patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Arch Ophthalmol 126(1):12\u201316","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10352_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.07.020","volume":"195","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen JJ et al (2018) Myelin Oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-positive optic neuritis: clinical characteristics, radiologic clues, and outcome. Am J Ophthalmol 195:8\u201315","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10352_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080120057025","volume":"109","author":"The clinical profile of optic neuritis","year":"1991","unstructured":"The clinical profile of optic neuritis (1991) Experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial optic neuritis study group. Arch Ophthalmol 109(12):1673\u20131678","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10352_CR13","first-page":"1236","volume":"25","author":"JL Bennett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bennett JL (2019) Optic Neuritis. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 25(5):1236\u20131264","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10352_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.1126","volume":"130","author":"H Merle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Merle H et al (2012) Treatment of optic neuritis by plasma exchange (add-on) in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Ophthalmol 130(7):858\u2013862","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10352_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000101","volume":"82","author":"DK Sato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sato DK et al (2014) Distinction between MOG antibody-positive and AQP4 antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 82(6):474\u2013481","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10352_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costello F (2014) Inflammatory optic neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn), 2014. 20(4 Neuro-ophthalmology): pp 816\u201337.","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000453316.60013.52"},{"key":"10352_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102209","volume":"43","author":"TR Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor TR et al (2020) Prevalence and demographics of multiple sclerosis-associated uveitis: a UK biobank study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 43:102209","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10352_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13932","volume":"26","author":"S Ramanathan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramanathan S et al (2019) Uveitis and optic perineuritis in the context of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody seropositivity. Eur J Neurol 26(8):1137-e75","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10352_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen JJACF (2018) The role of optical coherence tomography in neuro-ophthalmology. Ann Eye Sci 3(6).","DOI":"10.21037\/aes.2018.05.08"},{"issue":"3","key":"10352_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000700","volume":"38","author":"L Horton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horton L, Bennett JL (2018) Acute management of optic neuritis: an evolving paradigm. J Neuroophthalmol 38(3):358\u2013367","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10352_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24608","volume":"79","author":"M Hokari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hokari M et al (2016) Clinicopathological features in anterior visual pathway in neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 79(4):605\u201324","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wno.0000223266.48447.1b","volume":"26","author":"VL Tsoi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsoi VL et al (2006) Immunohistochemical evidence of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in a case of clinically isolated optic neuritis. J Neuroophthalmol 26(2):87\u201394","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"9451","key":"10352_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","volume":"364","author":"VA Lennon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lennon VA et al (2004) A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 364(9451):2106\u201312","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10352_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","volume":"202","author":"VA Lennon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lennon VA et al (2005) IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 202(4):473\u20137","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10352_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-16","volume":"11","author":"N Asavapanumas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asavapanumas N et al (2014) Experimental mouse model of optic neuritis with inflammatory demyelination produced by passive transfer of neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G. J Neuroinflammation 11:16","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10352_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21802","volume":"66","author":"JL Bennett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bennett JL et al (2009) Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 66(5):617\u201329","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10352_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1333-z","volume":"15","author":"T Duan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duan T, Smith AJ, Verkman AS (2018) Complement-dependent bystander injury to neurons in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroinflammation 15(1):294","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10352_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1950-8","volume":"137","author":"S Hillebrand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hillebrand S et al (2019) Circulating AQP4-specific auto-antibodies alone can induce neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in the rat. Acta Neuropathol 137(3):467\u2013485","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.06.008","volume":"16","author":"MT Weil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weil MT et al (2016) Loss of myelin basic protein function triggers myelin breakdown in models of demyelinating diseases. Cell Rep 16(2):314\u2013322","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10352_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24630","volume":"79","author":"M Herwerth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herwerth M et al (2016) In vivo imaging reveals rapid astrocyte depletion and axon damage in a model of neuromyelitis optica-related pathology. Ann Neurol 79(5):794\u2013805","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10352_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22551","volume":"70","author":"H Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang H, Bennett JL, Verkman AS (2011) Ex vivo spinal cord slice model of neuromyelitis optica reveals novel immunopathogenic mechanisms. Ann Neurol 70(6):943\u201354","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10352_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp309","volume":"133","author":"S Saadoun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saadoun S et al (2010) Intra-cerebral injection of neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G and human complement produces neuromyelitis optica lesions in mice. Brain 133(Pt 2):349\u201361","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10352_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0984-5","volume":"14","author":"P Peschl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peschl P et al (2017) Human antibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein can cause complement-dependent demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 14(1):208","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25291","volume":"84","author":"M Spadaro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spadaro M et al (2018) Pathogenicity of human antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Ann Neurol 84(2):315\u2013328","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10352_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826aac4e","volume":"79","author":"J Kitley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kitley J et al (2012) Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 79(12):1273\u20137","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10352_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0256-1","volume":"12","author":"AK Probstel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Probstel AK et al (2015) Anti-MOG antibodies are present in a subgroup of patients with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. J Neuroinflammation 12:46","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10352_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0768-5","volume":"7","author":"P Manogaran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manogaran P et al (2019) Retinal pathology in experimental optic neuritis is characterized by retrograde degeneration and gliosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 7(1):116","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"10352_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.2549","volume":"73","author":"B Fang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fang B et al (2016) Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: a novel meningoencephalomyelitis. JAMA Neurol 73(11):1297\u20131307","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10352_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0428-6","volume":"5","author":"Y Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu Y et al (2017) Myelin-specific multiple sclerosis antibodies cause complement-dependent oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination. Acta Neuropathol Commun 5(1):25","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"10352_CR40","unstructured":"Bursztyn L, DLLB, Cornblath WT Sensitivity of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Acute Demyelinating Optic Neuritis. 2015, North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society Meeting, San Diego, CA"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"10352_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf087","volume":"125","author":"MJ Kupersmith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kupersmith MJ et al (2002) Contrast-enhanced MRI in acute optic neuritis: relationship to visual performance. Brain 125(Pt 4):812\u201322","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10352_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185112471797","volume":"54","author":"AM McKinney","year":"2013","unstructured":"McKinney AM et al (2013) Accuracy of routine fat-suppressed FLAIR and diffusion-weighted images in detecting clinically evident acute optic neuritis. Acta Radiol 54(4):455\u201361","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e318283c3ed","volume":"33","author":"M Storoni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Storoni M et al (2013) Distinguishing optic neuritis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease from multiple sclerosis: a novel magnetic resonance imaging scoring system. J Neuroophthalmol 33(2):123\u20137","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10352_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4539","volume":"37","author":"A Traboulsee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Traboulsee A et al (2016) Revised recommendations of the consortium of ms centers task force for a standardized MRI protocol and clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and follow-up of multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 37(3):394\u2013401","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10352_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e231","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000231","volume":"3","author":"M Majed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Majed M et al (2016) Clinical utility of testing AQP4-IgG in CSF: Guidance for physicians. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3(3):e231","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10352_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gal RL, Vedula SS, Beck R Corticosteroids for treating optic neuritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015(8): CD001430.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001430.pub4"},{"issue":"5","key":"10352_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e204339","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.4339","volume":"3","author":"LB De Lott","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Lott LB et al (2020) Association of individual-level factors with visual outcomes in optic neuritis: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 3(5):e204339","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10352_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0024","volume":"75","author":"SA Morrow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morrow SA et al (2018) Effect of treating acute optic neuritis with bioequivalent oral vs intravenous corticosteroids: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 75(6):690\u2013696","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10352_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.6757","volume":"136","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen JJ et al (2018) Prevalence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and aquaporin-4-IgG in patients in the optic neuritis treatment trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 136(4):419\u2013422","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24554","volume":"79","author":"I Kleiter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kleiter I et al (2016) Neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 871 attacks and 1153 treatment courses. Ann Neurol 79(2):206\u201316","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10352_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e504","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000504","volume":"5","author":"I Kleiter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kleiter I et al (2018) Apheresis therapies for NMOSD attacks: a retrospective study of 207 therapeutic interventions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 5(6):e504","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10352_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316286","volume":"89","author":"M Bonnan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonnan M et al (2018) Short delay to initiate plasma exchange is the strongest predictor of outcome in severe attacks of NMO spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89(4):346\u2013351","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","volume":"17","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson AJ et al (2018) Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 17(2):162\u2013173","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"17","key":"10352_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005347","volume":"90","author":"A Rae-Grant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rae-Grant A et al (2018) Practice guideline recommendations summary: disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American academy of neurology. Neurology 90(17):777\u2013788","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10352_CR55","unstructured":"Excellence NIfHaC Multiple sclerosis in adults: management. 2014 November, 11, 2019 [cited 2020 November 27]. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg186\/chapter\/Recommendations#diagnosing-ms."},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","volume":"85","author":"DM Wingerchuk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM et al (2015) International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 85(2):177\u201389","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10352_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000603","volume":"31","author":"AR Romeo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Romeo AR, Segal BM (2019) Treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Curr Opin Rheumatol 31(3):250\u2013255","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10352_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.1637","volume":"73","author":"V Damato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Damato V, Evoli A, Iorio R (2016) Efficacy and safety of rituximab therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 73(11):1342\u20131348","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10352_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518776584","volume":"25","author":"DB Bichuetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bichuetti DB et al (2019) Treating neuromyelitis optica with azathioprine: 20-year clinical practice. Mult Scler 25(8):1150\u20131161","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"7","key":"10352_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822a2780","volume":"77","author":"C Costanzi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Costanzi C et al (2011) Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 77(7):659\u201366","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10352_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02066","volume":"9","author":"Q Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang Q et al (2018) Low-dose mycophenolate mofetil for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a prospective multicenter study in South China. Front Immunol 9:2066","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10352_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507077189","volume":"13","author":"S Watanabe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Watanabe S et al (2007) Low-dose corticosteroids reduce relapses in neuromyelitis optica: a retrospective analysis. Mult Scler 13(8):968\u201374","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10352_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.01.006","volume":"12","author":"JR Berger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berger JR (2017) Classifying PML risk with disease modifying therapies. Mult Scler Relat Disord 12:59\u201363","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"10352_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900866","volume":"381","author":"SJ Pittock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pittock SJ et al (2019) Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 381(7):614\u2013625","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"10352_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901747","volume":"381","author":"T Yamamura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamamura T et al (2019) Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 381(22):2114\u20132124","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10352_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515620934","volume":"22","author":"BA Cree","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cree BA et al (2016) Placebo-controlled study in neuromyelitis optica-Ethical and design considerations. Mult Scler 22(7):862\u201372","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"7","key":"10352_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519845112","volume":"26","author":"CL de Mol","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Mol CL et al (2020) The clinical spectrum and incidence of anti-MOG-associated acquired demyelinating syndromes in children and adults. Mult Scler 26(7):806\u2013814","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10352_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarius S et al. (2016) MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome. J Neuroinflammation 13(1): 280.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0718-0"},{"key":"10352_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarius S et al. (2016) MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: Frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin. J Neuroinflammation. 13(1): 279.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0717-1"},{"issue":"12","key":"10352_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx276","volume":"140","author":"M Jurynczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jurynczyk M et al (2017) Clinical presentation and prognosis in MOG-antibody disease: a UK study. Brain 140(12):3128\u20133138","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10352_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Chiriboga S et al. Long-term outcomes in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin g-associated disorder. JAMA Neurol 2020.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3115"},{"issue":"1","key":"10352_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000766","volume":"33","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen JJ, Bhatti MT (2020) Clinical phenotype, radiological features, and treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) optic neuritis. Curr Opin Neurol 33(1):47\u201354","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009758","volume":"95","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen JJ et al (2020) Steroid-sparing maintenance immunotherapy for MOG-IgG associated disorder. Neurology 95(2):e111\u2013e120","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24881","volume":"81","author":"EP Flanagan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flanagan EP et al (2017) Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoglobulin G as biomarker of autoimmune astrocytopathy: analysis of 102 patients. Ann Neurol 81(2):298\u2013309","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10352_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31103-1","volume":"101","author":"RW Beck","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beck RW, Cleary PA, Backlund JC (1994) The course of visual recovery after optic neuritis. Experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Ophthalmology 101(11):1771\u20138","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10352_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000421","volume":"36","author":"SB Sabadia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sabadia SB et al (2016) 20\/40 or better visual acuity after optic neuritis: Not as good as we once thought? J Neuroophthalmol 36(4):369\u2013376","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10352_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.7995","volume":"132","author":"HE Moss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moss HE et al (2014) Association of race\/ethnicity with visual outcomes following acute optic neuritis: an analysis of the optic neuritis treatment trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 132(4):421\u20137","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10352_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318271f755","volume":"79","author":"F Costello","year":"2012","unstructured":"Costello F et al (2012) Sex-specific differences in retinal nerve fiber layer thinning after acute optic neuritis. Neurology 79(18):1866\u201372","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10352_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1107","volume":"53","author":"DM Wingerchuk","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM et al (1999) The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic\u2019s syndrome). Neurology 53(5):1107\u201314","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10352_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.060","volume":"114","author":"H Merle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Merle H et al (2007) Natural history of the visual impairment of relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Ophthalmology 114(4):810\u20135","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10352_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000842","volume":"39","author":"D White","year":"2019","unstructured":"White D et al (2019) Enlarged and enhancing optic nerves in advanced glial fibrillary acidic protein meningoencephalomyelitis. J Neuroophthalmol 39(3):411\u2013415","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10352_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.06.003","volume":"4","author":"R Ruiz-Gaviria","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruiz-Gaviria R et al (2015) Specificity and sensitivity of aquaporin 4 antibody detection tests in patients with neuromyelitis optica: a meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 4(4):345\u20139","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10352_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000152873.82631.B3","volume":"64","author":"HG Roed","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roed HG et al (2005) A double-blind, randomized trial of IV immunoglobulin treatment in acute optic neuritis. Neurology 64(5):804\u201310","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10352_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511415452","volume":"18","author":"A Tsakiri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsakiri A et al (2012) Simvastatin improves final visual outcome in acute optic neuritis: a randomized study. Mult Scler 18(1):72\u201381","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23573","volume":"72","author":"KW Suhs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suhs KW et al (2012) A randomized, double-blind, phase 2 study of erythropoietin in optic neuritis. Ann Neurol 72(2):199\u2013210","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10352_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00004-1","volume":"15","author":"R Raftopoulos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raftopoulos R et al (2016) Phenytoin for neuroprotection in patients with acute optic neuritis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 15(3):259\u201369","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10352_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30377-5","volume":"16","author":"D Cadavid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cadavid D et al (2017) Safety and efficacy of opicinumab in acute optic neuritis (RENEW): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 16(3):189\u2013199","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517742979","volume":"25","author":"JB McKee","year":"2019","unstructured":"McKee JB et al (2019) Amiloride does not protect retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in optic neuritis in a phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Mult Scler 25(2):246\u2013255","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1","key":"10352_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01645-z","volume":"20","author":"C Albert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albert C et al (2020) Fingolimod after a first unilateral episode of acute optic neuritis (MOVING)\u2014preliminary results from a randomized, rater-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. BMC Neurol 20(1):75","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10352_CR90","first-page":"205521731985019","volume":"5","author":"J Falardeau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Falardeau J et al (2019) Oral lipoic acid as a treatment for acute optic neuritis: a blinded, placebo controlled randomized trial. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 5(2):2055217319850193","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10352-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10352-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10352-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T15:34:37Z","timestamp":1674833677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10352-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10352-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Dr. De Lott is supported by the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K23EY027849). Dr. Bennett is supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01EY022936, R01NS115488) and the Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation. Dr. Bennett reports payment for study design\/consultation from MedImmune\/Viela Bio, personal fees from AbbVie, Alexion, Chugai, Clene Nanomedicine, Equillium, Frequency Therapeutics, Genentech, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Reistone-Bio, and Roche, grants and personal fees from Novartis, grants from Mallinckrodt, and has a patent for Aquaporumab issued. Dr. Costello has received payments for consultation from Roche, Alexion, and Frequency Therapeutics.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}