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Levodopa is frequently used in clinical routine to improve nocturnal akinesia, although evidence is not well proven.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We assessed associations of Levodopa intake with quality of sleep and perception of nocturnal akinesia in three PD cohorts, using the Parkinson\u2019s Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS-2) in two cohorts and a question on nocturnal immobility in one cohort. In one cohort also objective assessment of mobility during sleep was performed, using mobile health technology.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In an independent analysis of all three cohorts (in total <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091124 PD patients), patients taking Levodopa CR reported a significantly higher burden by nocturnal akinesia than patients without Levodopa. Higher Levodopa intake and MDS-UPDRS part IV scores (indicating motor fluctuations) predicted worse PDSS-2 and higher subjective nocturnal immobility scores, while disease duration and severity were not predictive. Levodopa intake was not associated with objectively changed mobility during sleep.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results showed an association of higher Levodopa intake with perception of worse quality of sleep and nocturnal immobility in PD, indicating that Levodopa alone might not be suitable to improve subjective feeling of nocturnal akinesia in PD. In contrast, Levodopa intake was not relevantly associated with objectively measured mobility during sleep. PD patients with motor fluctuations may be particularly affected by subjective perception of nocturnal mobility. This study should motivate further pathophysiological and clinical investigations on the cause of perception of immobility during sleep in PD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10419-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T08:02:57Z","timestamp":1612512177000},"page":"2506-2514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Effects of Levodopa on quality of sleep and nocturnal movements in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"268","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0792-4383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Vaterrodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Zaunbrecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Liepelt-Scarfone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Emmert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Roeben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morad","family":"Elshehabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clint","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Nussbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Hinrich","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthis","family":"Synofzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Maetzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"10419_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198812000-00004","volume":"11","author":"AJ Lees","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lees AJ, Blackburn NA, Campbell VL (1988) The nighttime problems of Parkinson\u2019s disease. 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Schaeffer received intramural research funding from the University of Kiel and speaker\u2019s honoraria from Bayer Vital GmbH and Novartis, outside the submitted work. T. Vaterrodt, L. Zaunbrecher, K. Emmert, M. Elsehabi, B. Roeben, C. Hansen, S. Becker, S. Nussbaum and J-H. Busch have nothing to declare. I. Liepelt-Scarfone received an unrestricted research grant from Johnson & Johnson to conduct the ABC-PD study, and grants from the International Parkinson Fonds GmbH IPO, European Commission Horizon 2020, National Center of Excellence in Research, Luxembourg National Research Fund and Michael J Fox Foundation. M. Synofzik received Consultancy Honoraria von Actelion Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. D. Berg reports grants from Janssen Pharmaceutica, grants from the Damp foundation, grants from the German Parkinson\u2019s Disease Association (dPV), grants from BMWi, grants from BMBF, grants from the Parkinson Fonds Deutschland GmbH, grants and speaker\u2019s honoraria from and consultancy honoraria of UCB Pharma GmbH, grants and speaker\u2019s honoraria from TEVA Pharma GmbH, grants from and consultancies for Novartis Pharma GmbH, grants and speaker\u2019s honoraria from and consultancy honoraria of Lundbeck, speaker\u2019s honoraria from and consultancy honoraria for BIAL, speaker\u2019s honoraria from and consultancy honoraria for Biogen, honoraria from Bayer and Zambon outside the submitted work. W. Maetzler receives or received funding from the European Union, the German Federal Ministry of Education of Research, Neuroalliance, Lundbeck and Janssen. He received speaker honoraria from Abbvie, Bayer, GlaxoSmithKline, Licher MT, Pharma, Takeda and UCB, was invited to Advisory Boards of Abbvie, Biogen, Lundbeck and Market Access & Pricing Strategy GmbH, and is an advisory board member of the Critical Path for Parkinson\u2019s Consortium. He serves as the co-chair of the MDS Technology Task Force.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the above mentioned studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Training-PD and ABC-PD study were approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of T\u00fcbingen (112\/2015BO2 and 686\/2013BO1). For the Saarbr\u00fccken PD survey no ethical approval was needed (confirmed by the Ethic Commission of the State Chamber of Medicine, Saarland).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}