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Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) have been used as a prophylactic and therapeutic approach. We conduct a systematic review on the safety and efficacy of IVIG in viral encephalitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review assessing PubMed, Cochrane Database, Biosis Previews and the ClinicalTrials.gov website to identify all reports on patients with viral encephalitis treated with IVIG as of May 31, 2019. The main outcomes assessed were therapeutic efficacy and safety. For an increased homogeneity of the population, atypical viral infections were excluded, as were reports on prophylactic IVIG use, intrathecal application of immunoglobulins, or use of antibody-enriched IVIG-preparations. Data were extracted from published studies. Descriptive statistics were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included a total of 44 studies (39 case reports). The case reports cover a total of 53 patients. Our search retrieved two prospective and three retrospective studies. These show heterogeneous results as to the efficacy of IVIG therapy. Only one study reports a significant association between IVIG-use and death (odds ratio 0.032; 95% confidence interval 0.0033\u20130.3024;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0027). None of the studies report significant differences in the number of serious adverse events.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on the efficacy of IVIG-therapy is heterogeneous. While it seems generally safe, evident superiority compared to supportive treatment has not been demonstrated so far. Future trials should also investigate the optimal dosing and timing of IVIG and their benefit in the immunosuppressed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10494-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:03:28Z","timestamp":1614989008000},"page":"712-724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of viral encephalitis: a systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"269","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0776-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith N.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Leibetseder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Troescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juergen","family":"Panholzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim J.","family":"von Oertzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"10494_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708714","volume":"379","author":"KL Tyler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tyler KL (2018) Acute viral encephalitis. 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AL reports grants from Roche GmbH, outside the submitted work. Dr. von Oertzen reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Novartis Pharma, personal fees from Roche Pharma, personal fees from Biogen Idec Austria, personal fees from Liva Nova, grants from Grossegger and Drbal GmbH, grants from Merck, personal fees from Indivior Austria GmbH, personal fees and non-financial support from gtec GmbH Austria, personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, personal fees from Philips, personal fees and non-financial support from UCB Pharma, personal fees from Almirall, personal fees from Eisai, outside the submitted work; and he is webeditor in chief of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN), co-chair of the EAN scientific panel for epilepsy, and vice president of the \u00d6sterreichische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Epileptologie (Austrian ILAE chapter). JP and AT report no disclosures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was waived by the Ethics Committee of Upper Austria. The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All data are included in the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}}]}}