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To date, no simple and efficient treatment option is available for CS. This study investigates whether periorbital botulinum toxin injections as used in essential blepharospasm are also a treatment option in these patients.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All patients with convergence spasm having been treated with periorbital BoNTA injections in the department of neuro-ophthalmology were identified. Data were extracted from patient files concerning details and subjective effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections and relation to psychiatric or neurological disorders. Patients reporting with a history of closed-head trauma or organic neurologic pathologies possibly causing CS were excluded. A telephone assessment with a standardized questionnaire was performed to evaluate mental health issues as a trigger, as well as the long-term effect and satisfaction with periorbital injections.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of 16 patients treated with periorbital botulinum toxin injections for convergence spasm, 9 patients reported depression and\/or anxiety disorders ongoing or in the past. A median number of 3 injections (range 1\u201313) was administered with a variable effect (relief of symptoms) between no effect and effect of up to more than 12 weeks. A longitudinal follow-up revealed ongoing symptoms in five patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Periorbital botulinum toxin injections are less invasive than injections in the medial rectus muscle and can be a bridging therapeutic option in patients with CS. Mental health exploration is important due to psychiatric comorbidity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10613-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T13:02:49Z","timestamp":1622206969000},"page":"243-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Periorbital injections of botulinum toxin a: a novel therapeutic option for convergence spasm in neuropsychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Hess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7767-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Wabbels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"10613_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2018.1483952","volume":"26","author":"S Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta S, Gan J, Jain S (2018) Efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of convergence spasm. 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