{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:03:04Z","timestamp":1790841784774,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012306","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trieste","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be affected by COVID-19, and dysautonomia may be a possible complication in post-COVID individuals. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) and postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) have been suggested to be common after SARS-CoV-2 infection, but other components of ANS function may be also impaired. The Composite Autonomic Symptom Scale 31 (COMPASS-31) questionnaire is a simple and validated tool to assess dysautonomic symptoms. The aim of the present study was to administer the COMPASS-31 questionnaire to a sample of post-COVID patients with and without neurological complaints. Participants were recruited among the post-COVID ambulatory services for follow-up evaluation between 4\u00a0weeks and 9\u00a0months from COVID-19 symptoms onset. Participants were asked to complete the COMPASS-31 questionnaire referring to the period after COVID-19 disease. Heart rate and blood pressure were manually taken during an active stand test for OH and POTS diagnosis. One-hundred and eighty participants were included in the analysis (70.6% females, 51\u2009\u00b1\u200913 years), and OH was found in 13.8% of the subjects. Median COMPASS-31 score was 17.6 (6.9\u201331.4), with the most affected domains being orthostatic intolerance, sudomotor, gastrointestinal and pupillomotor dysfunction. A higher COMPASS-31 score was found in those with neurological symptoms (<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.01), due to more severe orthostatic intolerance symptoms (<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.01), although gastrointestinal (<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.01), urinary (<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.01), and pupillomotor (<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.01) domains were more represented in the non-neurological symptoms group. This study confirms the importance of monitoring ANS symptoms as a possible complication of COVID-19 disease that may persist in the post-acute period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10735-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T16:03:02Z","timestamp":1628784182000},"page":"587-596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Autonomic dysfunction in post-COVID patients with and witfhout neurological symptoms: a prospective multidomain observational study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Buoite Stella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Furlanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2 Arjuna","family":"Frezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Valentinotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Ajcevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5305-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Manganotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"10735_CR1","first-page":"501","volume":"2","author":"NA Alwan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alwan NA, Johnson L (2021) Defining long COVID: going back to the start. Med (New York, N.Y.) 2:501\u2013504","journal-title":"Med (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"10735_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","volume":"27","author":"A Nalbandian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A et al (2021) Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 27:601\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10735_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14357","author":"AL Cabrera Martimbianco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera Martimbianco AL, Pacheco RL, Bagattini \u00c2M, Riera R (2021) Frequency, signs and symptoms, and criteria adopted for long COVID: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijcp.14357","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10735_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00211-5","author":"LC Lund","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lund LC, Hallas J, Nielsen H et al (2021) Post-acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals not requiring hospital admission: a Danish population-based cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00211-5","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10735_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262128","author":"G Blazhenets","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blazhenets G, Schr\u00f6ter N, Bormann T et al (2021) Slow but evident recovery from neocortical dysfunction and cognitive impairment in a series of chronic COVID-19 patients. J Nucl Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.121.262128","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10735_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1750","author":"B van den Borst","year":"2020","unstructured":"van den Borst B, Peters JB, Brink M et al (2020) Comprehensive health assessment three months after recovery from acute COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1750","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"10735_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.03.001","volume":"132","author":"V Versace","year":"2021","unstructured":"Versace V, Sebastianelli L, Ferrazzoli D et al (2021) Intracortical GABAergic dysfunction in patients with fatigue and dysexecutive syndrome after COVID-19. Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol 132:1138\u20131143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.03.001","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10735_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.19.20214494","author":"CH Sudre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T et al (2020) Attributes and predictors of Long-COVID: analysis of COVID cases and their symptoms collected by the Covid Symptoms Study App. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.10.19.20214494","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10735_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0896","volume":"21","author":"M Dani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dani M, Dirksen A, Taraborrelli P et al (2021) Autonomic dysfunction in \u201clong COVID\u201d: rationale, physiology and management strategies. Clin Med 21:e63\u2013e67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0896","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"10735_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-021-00798-2","author":"SR Raj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raj SR, Arnold AC, Barboi A et al (2021) Long-COVID postural tachycardia syndrome: an American autonomic society statement. Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-021-00798-2","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc"},{"key":"10735_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab090","author":"J Tran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tran J, Hillebrand SL, Meskers CGM et al (2021) Prevalence of initial orthostatic hypotension in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afab090","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10735_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-014-0244-z","volume":"25","author":"M Bengtsson-Lindberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bengtsson-Lindberg M, Larsson V, Minthon L et al (2015) Lack of orthostatic symptoms in dementia patients with orthostatic hypotension. Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc 25:87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-014-0244-z","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc"},{"key":"10735_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13020201","volume":"13","author":"M Kozakova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kozakova M, Palombo C (2016) Diabetes mellitus, arterial wall, and cardiovascular risk assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13:201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph13020201","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10735_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu301","volume":"28","author":"M Takahashi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Takahashi M, Miyai N, Nagano S et al (2015) Orthostatic blood pressure changes and subclinical markers of atherosclerosis. Am J Hypertens 28:1134\u20131140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpu301","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10735_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.624968","volume":"12","author":"BP Goodman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goodman BP, Khoury JA, Blair JE, Grill MF (2021) COVID-19 dysautonomia. Front Neurol 12:624968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.624968","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10735_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00781-w","volume":"32","author":"T Chakraborty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chakraborty T, Kramer CL, Wijdicks EFM, Rabinstein AA (2020) Dysautonomia in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: prevalence, clinical spectrum, and outcomes. Neurocrit Care 32:113\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00781-w","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10735_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/98.4.613","volume":"98","author":"RR Young","year":"1975","unstructured":"Young RR, Asbury AK, Corbett JL, Adams RD (1975) Pure pan-dysautonomia with recovery. Description and discussion of diagnostic criteria. Brain 98:613\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/98.4.613","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10735_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01512.x","volume":"13","author":"H Lahrmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lahrmann H, Cortelli P, Hilz M et al (2006) EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of orthostatic hypotension. Eur J Neurol 13:930\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01512.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10735_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.10.013","volume":"87","author":"DM Sletten","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sletten DM, Suarez GA, Low PA et al (2012) COMPASS 31: a refined and abbreviated composite autonomic symptom score. Mayo Clin Proc 87:1196\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.10.013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10735_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2278-y","volume":"36","author":"G Pierangeli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pierangeli G, Turrini A, Giannini G et al (2015) Translation and linguistic validation of the composite autonomic symptom score COMPASS 31. Neurol Sci Off J Ital Neurol Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol 36:1897\u20131902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-015-2278-y","journal-title":"Neurol Sci Off J Ital Neurol Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10735_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.16.06722-0","volume":"57","author":"A Buoite Stella","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buoite Stella A, Francescato MP, Sims ST, Morrison SA (2017) Fluid intake behavior in athletes during typical training bouts. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 57:1504\u20131512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0022-4707.16.06722-0","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"10735_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000489823","volume":"73","author":"A Buoite Stella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buoite Stella A, Yardley J, Francescato MP, Morrison SA (2018) Fluid intake habits in type 1 diabetes individuals during typical training bouts. Ann Nutr Metab 73:10\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000489823","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10735_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.20.11373-2","author":"A Buoite Stella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buoite Stella A, Aj\u010devi\u0107 M, Furlanis G et al (2020) Smart technology for physical activity and health assessment during COVID-19 lockdown. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0022-4707.20.11373-2","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"10735_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180744","volume":"12","author":"Y Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim Y, Seok JM, Park J et al (2017) The composite autonomic symptom scale 31 is a useful screening tool for patients with Parkinsonism. PLoS\u00a0One 12:e0180744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0180744","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"10735_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-01313-8","volume":"22","author":"STJ McDonagh","year":"2021","unstructured":"McDonagh STJ, Mejzner N, Clark CE (2021) Prevalence of postural hypotension in primary, community and institutional care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Fam Pract 22:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01313-8","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"10735_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6736-7","volume":"260","author":"M Metzler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Metzler M, Duerr S, Granata R et al (2013) Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. J Neurol 260:2212\u20132219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-012-6736-7","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10735_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-011-0119-5","volume":"21","author":"R Freeman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB et al (2011) Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc 21:69\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-011-0119-5","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc"},{"key":"10735_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.170868","volume":"45","author":"BL Adler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adler BL, Russell JW, Hummers LK, McMahan ZH (2018) Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction in systemic sclerosis assessed by the COMPASS-31 questionnaire. J Rheumatol 45:1145\u20131152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.170868","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10735_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09603-7","volume":"267","author":"G Furlanis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Furlanis G, Ajcevic M, Buoite Stella A et al (2020) Wake-up stroke: thrombolysis reduces ischemic lesion volume and neurological deficit. J Neurol 267:666\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-019-09603-7","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10735_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12690","author":"A Buoite Stella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buoite Stella A, Aj\u010devi\u0107 M, Furlanis G et al (2021) A physiological perspective of the associations between hydration status and CTP neuroimaging parameters in hyper-acute ischaemic stroke patients. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpf.12690","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"10735_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab9c70","author":"M Ajcevic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ajcevic M, Furlanis G, Stella AB et al (2020) A CT perfusion based model predicts outcome in wake-up stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Physiol Meas. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab9c70","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"10735_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.06.21249256","author":"C Kedor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kedor C, Freitag H, Meyer-Arndt L et al (2021) Chronic COVID-19 Syndrome and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME\/CFS) following the first pandemic wave in Germany\u2014a first analysis of a prospective observational study. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.02.06.21249256","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10735_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13310","volume":"34","author":"C Greco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greco C, Di Gennaro F, D\u2019Amato C et al (2017) Validation of the composite autonomic symptom score 31 (COMPASS 31) for the assessment of symptoms of autonomic neuropathy in people with diabetes. Diabet Med 34:834\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.13310","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10735_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12717","volume":"22","author":"R Treister","year":"2015","unstructured":"Treister R, O\u2019Neil K, Downs HM, Oaklander AL (2015) Validation of the composite autonomic symptom scale 31 (COMPASS-31) in patients with and without small fiber polyneuropathy. Eur J Neurol 22:1124\u20131130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.12717","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10735_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.2435","volume":"10","author":"I Anjum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anjum I, Sohail W, Hatipoglu B, Wilson R (2018) Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and its unusual presenting complaints in women: a literature minireview. Cureus 10:e2435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.2435","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10735_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01407.x","volume":"20","author":"PA Low","year":"2009","unstructured":"Low PA, Sandroni P, Joyner M, Shen W-K (2009) Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20:352\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01407.x","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10735_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04620-1","volume":"42","author":"M Foschi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Foschi M, Giannini G, Merli E et al (2021) Frequency and characteristics of dysautonomic symptoms in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional double-center study with the validated italian version of the composite autonomic symptom score-31. Neurol Sci Off J Ital Neurol Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol 42:1395\u20131403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-020-04620-1","journal-title":"Neurol Sci Off J Ital Neurol Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10735_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2020.100276","volume":"21","author":"P Novak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Novak P (2020) Post COVID-19 syndrome associated with orthostatic cerebral hypoperfusion syndrome, small fiber neuropathy and benefit of immunotherapy: a case report. eNeurologicalSci 21:100276","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"10735_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2020.102692","volume":"227","author":"AJ Miller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miller AJ, Sheehan T, Bourne KM et al (2020) Attention and executive function are impaired during active standing in postural tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci 227:102692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autneu.2020.102692","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"10735_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017861","volume":"9","author":"R Wells","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wells R, Malik V, Brooks AG et al (2020) Cerebral blood flow and cognitive performance in postural tachycardia syndrome: insights from sustained cognitive stress test. J Am Heart Assoc 9:e017861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.017861","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10735_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247280","volume":"16","author":"L Townsend","year":"2021","unstructured":"Townsend L, Moloney D, Finucane C et al (2021) Fatigue following COVID-19 infection is not associated with autonomic dysfunction. PLoS\u00a0One 16:e0247280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247280","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"10735_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00714-0","volume":"30","author":"DS Goldstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldstein DS (2020) The extended autonomic system, dyshomeostasis, and COVID-19. Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc 30:299\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-020-00714-0","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc"},{"key":"10735_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.12.007","volume":"18","author":"DS Goldstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldstein DS (2021) The possible association between COVID-19 and postural tachycardia syndrome. Hear Rhythm 18:508\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.12.007","journal-title":"Hear Rhythm"},{"key":"10735_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-020-10031-6","volume":"13","author":"M Fudim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fudim M, Qadri YJ, Ghadimi K et al (2020) Implications for neuromodulation therapy to control inflammation and related organ dysfunction in COVID-19. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 13:894\u2013899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12265-020-10031-6","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"10735_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10108-x","volume":"268","author":"A Guilmot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guilmot A, Maldonado Slootjes S, Sellimi A et al (2021) Immune-mediated neurological syndromes in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. J Neurol 268:751\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10108-x","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10735_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-018-9036-1","volume":"66","author":"S Blitshteyn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blitshteyn S, Brinth L, Hendrickson JE, Martinez-Lavin M (2018) Autonomic dysfunction and HPV immunization: an overview. Immunol Res 66:744\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-018-9036-1","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"10735_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/14017431.2017.1355068","volume":"51","author":"M Ruzieh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruzieh M, Batizy L, Dasa O et al (2017) The role of autoantibodies in the syndromes of orthostatic intolerance: a systematic review. Scand Cardiovasc J 51:243\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14017431.2017.1355068","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"10735_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.524","volume":"5","author":"M Watari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Watari M, Nakane S, Mukaino A et al (2018) Autoimmune postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 5:486\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.524","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10735_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0091-9","volume":"32","author":"AC Breeuwsma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Breeuwsma AC, Hartog LC, Kamper AM et al (2018) Diagnosing orthostatic hypotension with continuous and interval blood pressure measurement devices. J Hum Hypertens 32:831\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41371-018-0091-9","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"10735_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27061","author":"P Manganotti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manganotti P, Bellavita G, Tommasini V et al (2021) Cerebrospinal fluid and serum interleukins 6 and 8 during the acute and recovery phase in COVID-19 neuropathies patients. J Med Virol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.27061","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10735_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.11.033","volume":"132","author":"A Buoite Stella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buoite Stella A, Aj\u010devi\u0107 M, Furlanis G, Manganotti P (2021) Neurophysiological adaptations to spaceflight and simulated microgravity. Clin Neurophysiol 132:498\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.11.033","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10735_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26289","volume":"93","author":"P Manganotti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manganotti P, Bellavita G, D\u2019Acunto L et al (2021) Clinical neurophysiology and cerebrospinal liquor analysis to detect Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19 patients: a case series. J Med Virol 93:766\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.26289","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10735_CR53","unstructured":"Chippa V, Aleem A, Anjum F (2021) Post acute coronavirus (COVID-19) syndrome. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL"},{"key":"10735_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E48","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26988","volume":"62","author":"XW Su","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su XW, Palka SV, Rao RR et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2-associated Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with dysautonomia. Muscle Nerve 62:E48\u2013E49","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10735_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00908-2","volume":"26","author":"R Ghosh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghosh R, Roy D, Sengupta S, Benito-Le\u00f3n J (2020) Autonomic dysfunction heralding acute motor axonal neuropathy in COVID-19. J Neurovirol 26:964\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00908-2","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"10735_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14726","volume":"9","author":"L \u00d8stergaard","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00d8stergaard L (2021) SARS CoV-2 related microvascular damage and symptoms during and after COVID-19: consequences of capillary transit-time changes, tissue hypoxia and inflammation. Physiol Rep 9:e14726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.14726","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"10735_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.2456","volume":"124","author":"UI Cie\u015blik-Guerra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cie\u015blik-Guerra UI, Fila M, Kami\u0144ski M et al (2014) Correlation between the activity of the autonomic nervous system and endothelial function in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Pol Arch Med Wewn 124:509\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20452\/pamw.2456","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"10735_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1790971","volume":"8","author":"H Daanen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daanen H, Bose-O\u2019Reilly S, Brearley M et al (2020) COVID-19 and thermoregulation-related problems: practical recommendations. Temp (Austin, Tex) 8:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23328940.2020.1790971","journal-title":"Temp (Austin, Tex)"},{"key":"10735_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-020-02044-2","volume":"65","author":"A Buoite Stella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buoite Stella A, Filingeri D, Ravanelli N et al (2021) Heat risk exacerbation potential for neurology patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and related isolation. Int J Biometeorol 65:627\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-020-02044-2","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"10735_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30126-6","volume":"5","author":"R Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao R, Qiu Y, He J-S et al (2020) Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:667\u2013678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30126-6","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10735_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30083-2","volume":"5","author":"Y Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu Y, Guo C, Tang L et al (2020) Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:434\u2013435","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10735_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.055","volume":"158","author":"F Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X et al (2020) Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology 158:1831-1833.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.055","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10735_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00076-5","volume":"6","author":"J Weng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weng J, Li Y, Li J et al (2021) Gastrointestinal sequelae 90 days after discharge for COVID-19. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:344\u2013346","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10735_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F612","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00151.2014","volume":"307","author":"MT McMillan","year":"2014","unstructured":"McMillan MT, Pan X-Q, Smith AL et al (2014) Coronavirus-induced demyelination of neural pathways triggers neurogenic bladder overactivity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 307:F612\u2013F622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.00151.2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"10735_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26849","volume":"93","author":"M Pourfridoni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pourfridoni M, Pajokh M, Seyedi F (2021) Bladder and bowel incontinence in COVID-19. J Med Virol 93:2609\u20132610","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10735_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.05.013","volume":"78","author":"J-N Mumm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mumm J-N, Osterman A, Ruzicka M et al (2020) Urinary frequency as a possibly overlooked symptom in COVID-19 patients: does SARS-CoV-2 cause viral cystitis? Eur Urol 78:624\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.05.013","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10735_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24682","author":"B Welk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Welk B, Richard L, Braschi E, Averbeck MA (2021) Is coronavirus disease 2019 associated with indicators of long-term bladder dysfunction? Neurourol Urodyn. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.24682","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10735_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01350-1","volume":"44","author":"A Sansone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sansone A, Mollaioli D, Ciocca G et al (2021) Addressing male sexual and reproductive health in the wake of COVID-19 outbreak. J Endocrinol Invest 44:223\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01350-1","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10735_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13003","author":"A Sansone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sansone A, Mollaioli D, Ciocca G et al (2021) \u201cMask up to keep it up\u201d: preliminary evidence of the association between erectile dysfunction and COVID-19. Andrology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.13003","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10735_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01516-5","volume":"44","author":"R Bertolo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bertolo R, Cipriani C, Bove P (2021) Anosmia and ageusia: a piece of the puzzle in the etiology of COVID-19-related transitory erectile dysfunction. J Endocrinol Invest 44:1123\u20131124","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10735_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2020.100292","volume":"9","author":"MB Duran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duran MB, Yildirim O, Kizilkan Y et al (2021) Variations in the number of patients presenting with andrological problems during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the possible reasons for these variations: a multicenter study. Sex Med 9:100292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esxm.2020.100292","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"key":"10735_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13923","volume":"75","author":"Y Kaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaya Y, Kaya C, Tahta T et al (2021) Examination of the effect of COVID-19 on sexual dysfunction in women. Int J Clin Pract 75:e13923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijcp.13923","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10735_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.1882697","volume":"53","author":"IA Dom\u00ednguez-Varela","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-Varela IA, Rodr\u00edguez-Guti\u00e9rrez LA, Morales-Mancillas NR et al (2021) COVID-19 and the eye: a review. Infect Dis (London, England) 53:399\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23744235.2021.1882697","journal-title":"Infect Dis (London, England)"},{"key":"10735_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000632","volume":"5","author":"S Pardhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pardhan S, Vaughan M, Zhang J et al (2020) Sore eyes as the most significant ocular symptom experienced by people with COVID-19: a comparison between pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 states. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 5:e000632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000632","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10735_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05209-w","volume":"9","author":"M Karahan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karahan M, Demirta\u015f AA, Hazar L et al (2021) Autonomic dysfunction detection by an automatic pupillometer as a non-invasive test in patients recovered from COVID-19. Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol: Albr von Graefes Arch fur Klin und Exp Ophthalmol 9:8\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-021-05209-w","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol: Albr von Graefes Arch fur Klin und Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10735_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.602114","volume":"11","author":"D Battaglini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Battaglini D, Santori G, Chandraptham K et al (2020) Neurological complications and noninvasive multimodal neuromonitoring in critically ill mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. Front Neurol 11:602114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.602114","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10735_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00737-7","volume":"30","author":"CS Vrettou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vrettou CS, Korompoki E, Sarri K et al (2020) Pupillometry in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a prospective study. Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc 30:563\u2013565","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10735-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10735-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10735-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T15:18:25Z","timestamp":1642778305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10735-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10735-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in study were approved by the CEUR-FVG ethical committee.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}