{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:14:50Z","timestamp":1792602890174,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a valuable treatment in movement disorders; however, time to onset and duration of efficacy may widely differ among patients. We aimed to clarify the impact of main demographic and clinical features on time to onset and duration of BoNT efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analyzed time-to-onset and duration of BoNT efficacy in 186 consecutive patients treated with BoNT for blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, facial hemispasm, oromandibular dystonia, limb dystonia, and sialorrhea due to Parkinsonism. The following factors were considered as potential efficacy predictors: doses and types of toxin, sex, age, years of treatment, and clinical condition. Kruskall\u2013Wallis, Spearman correlation, and multivariate linear regression were used for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The average time to onset was 6.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095\u00a0days and duration of BONT efficacy 78.5\u2009\u00b1\u200928.4\u00a0days. Both time to onset and duration of efficacy were correlated with BoNT doses (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>: 0.007 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>: 0.02). The multiple regression analysis showed that sex, age, years of BoNT treatment, doses, type of toxin, and clinical condition significantly predicted time to onset (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(11, 171)\u2009=\u20092.146,\u00a0<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>: 0.020) with age being the strongest predictor (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>: 0.004).<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>The same model explained 20.1% of the variance of duration of BoNT efficacy, showing a significant prediction of the outcome (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(11, 164)\u2009=\u20093.754,\u00a0<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with doses (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), type of toxin (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>: 0.017), and clinical condition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) being the strongest predictors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings suggest that age, type of toxin, clinical condition and especially doses may account for the variability of BoNT efficacy in terms of time to onset and duration.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-10995-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T10:03:10Z","timestamp":1643882590000},"page":"3706-3712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Time to onset and duration of botulinum toxin efficacy in movement disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Ledda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8579-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Alberto","family":"Artusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Tribolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domiziana","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Imbalzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Lopiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Zibetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10995_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27072","volume":"32","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jankovic J (2017) Botulinum toxin: state of the art. 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