{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T11:02:52Z","timestamp":1793703772855,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish state under the ALF-agreement","award":["ALFGBG-715781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-715781"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state under the ALF-agreement","award":["ALFGFG-784921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGFG-784921"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007687","name":"Svenska L\u00e4kares\u00e4llskapet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SLS-881501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLS-881501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003748","name":"Svenska S\u00e4llskapet f\u00f6r Medicinsk Forskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S18-0040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S18-0040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008594","name":"Linn\u00e9a och Josef Carlssons Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90_20180321_048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90_20180321_048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009389","name":"Stiftelsen Promobilia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005689","name":"G\u00f6teborgs L\u00e4kares\u00e4llskap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GLS-780651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GLS-780651"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005689","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006285","name":"Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-01990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-01990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005760","name":"University of Gothenburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is common, but its impact on survival after traumatic brain injury (TBI) of different severity and in different demographic patient groups is unknown. We analyzed the risk of death associated with PTE with adjustment for TBI severity, causes of death, and the contribution of epilepsy as direct or contributing cause of death.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Register-based, retrospective cohort study. All individuals hospitalized in Sweden for a TBI between 2000 and 2010 without prior seizures were identified in the National Patient Register, with follow-up until 2017. Subsequent epilepsy was identified by ICD-10 codes. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) was used to assess hazard of death, with epilepsy as a time-updated covariate. Adjusted analyses for age, gender, injury severity and comorbidities were also performed. Causes of death were analyzed using the Cause of Death Register.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among 111\u00a0947 individuals with TBI, subsequent epilepsy diagnosis was associated with a crude HR of 2.3 (95% CI: 2.2\u20132.4) for death. Stratified analyses showed a HR of 7.8 (95% CI: 6.5\u20139.4) for death in younger individuals. Epilepsy was a more common underlying cause of death in younger individuals.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PTE is associated with a higher risk of death and epilepsy seems to contribute to a significant proportion of deaths, especially in younger age groups. Future studies on whether improved epilepsy treatment can reduce mortality are needed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11279-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T10:03:07Z","timestamp":1658224987000},"page":"6014-6020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Risk and cause of death in post-traumatic epilepsy: a register-based retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Karlander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Ljungqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"S\u00f6rbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9445-4545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Zelano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"11279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13604","volume":"58","author":"DJ Thurman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thurman DJ et al (2017) The burden of premature mortality of epilepsy in high-income countries: a systematic review from the Mortality Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 58(1):17\u201326","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"9","key":"11279_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0729","volume":"26","author":"J Englander","year":"2009","unstructured":"Englander J et al (2009) Mortality in late post-traumatic seizures. J Neurotrauma 26(9):1471\u20131477","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"11279_CR3","first-page":"4","volume":"16","author":"WJ Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin WJ et al (2019) Mortality risk and risk factors in patients with posttraumatic epilepsy: a population-based cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:4","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"11279_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e878","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006077","volume":"91","author":"J Uski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uski J et al (2018) Mortality after traumatic brain injury and the effect of posttraumatic epilepsy. Neurology 91(9):e878\u2013e883","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11279_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325382","volume":"92","author":"M Karlander","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karlander M, Ljungqvist J, Zelano J (2021) Post-traumatic epilepsy in adults: a nationwide register-based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 92:6","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"11279_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","volume":"55","author":"RS Fisher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fisher RS et al (2014) ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. 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Data were anonymized by the National Board of Health and Welfare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}