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Subsequently, effects of optimal nGVS vs. sham stimulation on vestibular motion perception were examined in randomized order. Vestibular perceptual performance was determined as direction recognition thresholds for head-centered roll tilt motion on a 6DOF motion platform in the absence of any visual or auditory motion cues.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For each patient, an nGVS intensity that optimally stabilized static balance compared to sham stimulation could be identified (mean 0.36\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16\u00a0mA). nGVS at optimal intensity resulted in lowered vestibular perceptual thresholds (0.94\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30\u00a0deg\/s) compared to sham stimulation (1.67\u2009\u00b1\u20091.11\u00a0deg\/s; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040). nGVS-induced improvements in vestibular perception were observed in 8 of 11 patients (73%) and were greater in patients with poorer perceptual performance during sham stimulation (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.791; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>nGVS is effective in improving impaired vestibular motion perception in patients with BVP, in particular in those patients with poor baseline perceptual performance. Imperceptible vestibular noise stimulation might thus offer a non-invasive approach to target BVP-related impairments in spatial memory, orientation, and navigation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11438-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T20:57:24Z","timestamp":1667422644000},"page":"938-943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation improves vestibular perception in bilateral vestibulopathy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"270","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5115-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Wuehr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefine","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aram","family":"Keywan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Jahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"11438_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-170619","volume":"27","author":"M Strupp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strupp M, Kim JS, Murofushi T, Straumann D, Jen JC, Rosengren SM, Della Santina CC, Kingma H (2017) Bilateral vestibulopathy: diagnostic criteria consensus document of the classification committee of the Barany society. 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