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We examined the structure of symptom subtypes within 163 patients with SRC (M\u2009=\u200916.7\u00a0weeks post-injury). Subsequently, we investigated the existence of subgroups of patients based on comparable configuration of co-occurring symptom subtypes. To explore factors that may contribute to the emergence of SRC patient subgroups, subgroups were compared on pre-injury (i.e., demographics and medical history), personality (Severity Indices of Personality Problems Short Form) and SRC characteristics (i.e., history of prior concussions, loss of consciousness and post-traumatic amnesia). To investigate the relevance of SRC subgrouping for clinical outcome, subgroups were compared on symptom severity (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5). The results provide empirical evidence for the existence of symptom subtypes, characterized as a: neurocognitive, fatigue, emotional, migraine and vestibular-ocular symptom subtype in patients with persisting SRC. Study results also showed evidence for the existence of SRC subgroups of patients with a comparable configuration of co-occurring prevailing symptom subtypes, including a neurocognitive-migraine, fatigue, migraine-emotional and neurocognitive-emotional subgroup. The subgroups differed on pre-injury, personality and SRC characteristics, suggesting that these factors may contribute to the emergence of specific SRC patient subgroups. The subgroups also differed in the severity of persisting symptoms, highlighting the clinical relevance of SRC subgrouping. These results support the idea that patient subgroups with persisting SRC with a comparable pattern of co-occurring symptom subtypes exists, which may require targeted prognosis, clinical management and treatment to optimize recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11448-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T04:32:04Z","timestamp":1669091524000},"page":"1512-1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Heterogeneity of persisting symptoms after sport-related concussion (SRC): exploring symptom subtypes and patient subgroups"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"270","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6507-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Langdon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3057-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Goedhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Inklaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0218-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Oosterlaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-0445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"K\u00f6nigs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"11448_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2007-22502","volume":"22","author":"AA Hyder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hyder AA, Wunderlich CA, Puvanachandra P et al (2007) The impact of traumatic brain injuries: a global perspective. 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For patient care the insurance company of the patients will cover a small part of the costs of care. The main part is being covered by the Association. This is an observational study. The medical ethical committee of the Amsterdam UMC (location AMC) has approved this study (W18_045).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Athletes at the sport-related concussion clinic gave verbal consent for re-use of clinical data for this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate and publish"}}]}}