{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:26:45Z","timestamp":1790803605118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 GM122734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 GM122734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS100598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS100598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 GM122734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 GM122734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20 AG068077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 AG068077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03 AG075408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03 AG075408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R61MH125126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R61MH125126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lewy body diseases, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, vary in their clinical phenotype but exhibit the same defining pathological feature, \u03b1-synuclein aggregation. Microbiome\u2013gut\u2013brain dysfunction may play a role in the initiation or progression of disease processes, though there are multiple potential mechanisms. We discuss the need to evaluate gastrointestinal mechanisms of pathogenesis across Lewy body diseases, as disease mechanisms likely span across diagnostic categories and a \u2018body first\u2019 clinical syndrome may better account for the heterogeneity of clinical presentations across the disorders. We discuss two primary hypotheses that suggest that either \u03b1-synuclein aggregation occurs in the gut and spreads in a prion-like fashion to the brain or systemic inflammatory processes driven by gastrointestinal dysfunction contribute to the pathophysiology of Lewy body diseases. Both of these hypotheses posit that dysbiosis and intestinal permeability are key mechanisms and potential treatment targets. Ultimately, this work can identify early interventions targeting initial disease pathogenic processes before the development of overt motor and cognitive symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11461-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T07:03:09Z","timestamp":1668063789000},"page":"746-758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Microbiome\u2013gut\u2013brain dysfunction in prodromal and symptomatic Lewy body diseases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"270","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1758-3391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sephira","family":"Ryman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei A.","family":"Vakhtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Pirio","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry C.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"11461_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1016-8","volume":"16","author":"KA Jellinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jellinger KA, Korczyn AD (2018) Are dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia the same disease? BMC Med 16:34","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"11461_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M et al (2015) MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 30:1591\u20131601","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.004","volume":"22","author":"RF Pfeiffer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pfeiffer RF (2016) Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 22:S119\u2013S122","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","volume":"124","author":"O-B Tysnes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tysnes O-B, Storstein A (2017) Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm 124:901\u2013905","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"11461_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","volume":"89","author":"IG McKeith","year":"2017","unstructured":"McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW et al (2017) Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 89:88\u2013100","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11461_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.2","volume":"43","author":"DB Hogan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hogan DB, Fiest KM, Roberts JI et al (2016) The prevalence and incidence of dementia with Lewy bodies: a systematic review. Can J Neurol Sci 43:S83\u2013S95","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"11461_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750401900309","volume":"19","author":"W Mok","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mok W, Chow TW, Zheng L et al (2004) Clinicopathological concordance of dementia diagnoses by community versus tertiary care clinicians. Am J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis Other Dementias 19:161\u2013165","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis Other Dementias"},{"key":"11461_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000494","volume":"44","author":"SAV Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones SAV, O\u2019brien JT (2014) The prevalence and incidence of dementia with Lewy bodies: a systematic review of population and clinical studies. Psychol Med 44:673\u2013683","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"11461_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440704","volume":"44","author":"DJ Brooks","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brooks DJ (1998) The early diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 44:S10\u2013S18","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70056-5","volume":"12","author":"A Iranzo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iranzo A, Tolosa E, Gelpi E et al (2013) Neurodegenerative disease status and post-mortem pathology in idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 12:443\u2013453","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz030","volume":"142","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Iranzo A, Hu M et al (2019) Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multicentre study. Brain 142:744\u2013759","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11461_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27670","volume":"34","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Berg D (2019) Prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease: the decade past, the decade to come. Mov Disord 34:665\u2013675","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.09.008","volume":"43","author":"A Galbiati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galbiati A, Verga L, Giora E et al (2019) The risk of neurodegeneration in REM sleep behavior disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Sleep Med Rev 43:37\u201346","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"11461_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907293","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.907293","volume":"14","author":"MK Just","year":"2022","unstructured":"Just MK, Gram H, Theologidis V et al (2022) Alpha-synuclein strain variability in body-first and brain-first synucleinopathies. Front Aging Neurosci 14:907293","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"11461_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa238","volume":"143","author":"J Horsager","year":"2020","unstructured":"Horsager J, Andersen KB, Knudsen K et al (2020) Brain-first versus body-first Parkinson\u2019s disease: a multimodal imaging case-control study. Brain 143:3077\u20133088","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11461_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202481","volume":"11","author":"P Borghammer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borghammer P (2021) The \u03b1-synuclein origin and connectome model (SOC Model) of Parkinson\u2019s disease: explaining motor asymmetry, non-motor phenotypes, and cognitive decline. J Parkinsons Dis 11:455\u2013474","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","volume":"388","author":"MG Spillantini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM-Y et al (1997) \u03b1-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature 388:839\u2013840","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11461_CR18","first-page":"879","volume":"152","author":"M Baba","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baba M, Nakajo S, Tu P-H et al (1998) Aggregation of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies of sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Am J Pathol 152:879","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"11461_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-002-0808-2","volume":"110","author":"H Braak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braak H, R\u00fcb U, Gai WP, Del Tredici K (2003) Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: possible routes by which vulnerable neuronal types may be subject to neuroinvasion by an unknown pathogen. J Neural Transm 110:517\u2013536","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"11461_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1777-8","volume":"135","author":"A Lionnet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lionnet A, Leclair-Visonneau L, Neunlist M et al (2018) Does Parkinson\u2019s disease start in the gut? Acta Neuropathol 135:1\u201312","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11461_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.197","volume":"11","author":"L Klingelhoefer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klingelhoefer L, Reichmann H (2015) Pathogenesis of Parkinson disease\u2014the gut\u2013brain axis and environmental factors. Nat Rev Neurol 11:625\u2013636","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27556","volume":"34","author":"DP Breen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Breen DP, Halliday GM, Lang AE (2019) Gut\u2013brain axis and the spread of \u03b1-synuclein pathology: vagal highway or dead end? Mov Disord 34:307\u2013316","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.02.030","volume":"432","author":"JF Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Alonso-Juarez M (2020) The link between gut dysbiosis and neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroscience 432:160\u2013173","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"11461_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-016-0004-y","volume":"3","author":"MC Houser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Houser MC, Tansey MG (2017) The gut-brain axis: is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis? NPJ Park Dis 3:1\u20139","journal-title":"NPJ Park Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6801-2","volume":"260","author":"MG Cersosimo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cersosimo MG, Raina GB, Pecci C et al (2013) Gastrointestinal manifestations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: prevalence and occurrence before motor symptoms. J Neurol 260:1332\u20131338","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09723-5","volume":"267","author":"M Lubomski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lubomski M, Davis RL, Sue CM (2020) Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 267:1377\u20131388","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00007-1","volume":"14","author":"A Fasano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fasano A, Visanji NP, Liu LWC et al (2015) Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 14:625\u2013639","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.06.003","volume":"134","author":"F Stocchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stocchi F, Torti M (2017) Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int Rev Neurobiol 134:811\u2013826","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"11461_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-00149-4","volume":"7","author":"M Camacho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Camacho M, Macleod AD, Maple-Gr\u00f8dem J et al (2021) Early constipation predicts faster dementia onset in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Park Dis 7:1\u20137","journal-title":"NPJ Park Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-219001","volume":"11","author":"V Leta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leta V, Urso D, Batzu L et al (2021) Constipation is associated with development of cognitive Impairment in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease: a longitudinal analysis of two international cohorts. J Parkinsons Dis 11:1\u201311","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5742","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i25.5742","volume":"22","author":"A Mukherjee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mukherjee A, Biswas A, Das SK (2016) Gut dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. World J Gastroenterol 22:5742","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"11461_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00272-w","volume":"8","author":"T Warnecke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Warnecke T, Sch\u00e4fer KH, Claus I et al (2022) Gastrointestinal involvement in Parkinson\u2019s disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. NPJ Park Dis 8:1\u201313","journal-title":"NPJ Park Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-019-00597-w","volume":"29","author":"R Sakakibara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakakibara R, Masuda M, Tateno F et al (2019) Gastrointestinal function in dementia with Lewy bodies: a comparison with Parkinson disease. Clin Auton Res 29:633\u2013638","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"11461_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-161050","volume":"7","author":"K Knudsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Knudsen K, Fedorova TD, Bekker AC et al (2017) Objective colonic dysfunction is far more prevalent than subjective constipation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a colon transit and volume study. J Parkinsons Dis 7:359\u2013367","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-019-0671-z","volume":"21","author":"EMM Quigley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Quigley EMM (2019) The spectrum of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Curr Gastroenterol Rep 21:1\u20137","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"11461_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.46","volume":"112","author":"A Rezaie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rezaie A, Buresi M, Lembo A et al (2017) Hydrogen and methane-based breath testing in gastrointestinal disorders: the North American consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 112:775","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"11461_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00420-w","volume":"13","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Feng X, Jiang Z, Jiang Z (2021) Association of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut Pathog 13:1\u201310","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"11461_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25522","volume":"28","author":"A Fasano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fasano A, Bove F, Gabrielli M et al (2013) The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 28:1241\u20131249","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1612-8","volume":"123","author":"X-L Niu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Niu X-L, Liu L, Song Z-X et al (2016) Prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Chinese patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm 123:1381\u20131386","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"11461_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2017-000132","volume":"4","author":"A Su","year":"2017","unstructured":"Su A, Gandhy R, Barlow C, Triadafilopoulos G (2017) Utility of the wireless motility capsule and lactulose breath testing in the evaluation of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease who present with functional gastrointestinal symptoms. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 4:e000132","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol"},{"key":"11461_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.02.019","volume":"20","author":"AH Tan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tan AH, Mahadeva S, Thalha AM et al (2014) Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20:535\u2013540","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR42","first-page":"2","volume":"12","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang X, Svn Z, Liv M et al (2021) Association between irritable bowel syndrome and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 12:2","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.09.017","volume":"51","author":"F Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu F, Li C, Gong J et al (2019) The risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis 51:38\u201342","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-196104000-00007","volume":"20","author":"H Okazaki","year":"1961","unstructured":"Okazaki H, Lipkin LE, Aronson SM (1961) Diffuse intracytoplasmic ganglionic inclusions (Lewy type) associated with progressive dementia and quadriparesis in flexion. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 20:237\u2013244","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685366","volume":"36","author":"K Kosaka","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kosaka K, Oyanagi S, Matsushita M, Hori A (1976) Presenile dementia with Alzheimer-, pick-and Lewy-body changes. Acta Neuropathol 36:221\u2013233","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11461_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00156.x","volume":"8","author":"PG Ince","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ince PG, Perry EK, Morris CM (1998) Dementia with lewy bodies. a distinct non-alzheimer dementia syndrome? Brain Pathol 8:299\u2013324","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"11461_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.2045","volume":"276","author":"MH Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E et al (1997) Mutation in the \u03b1-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 276:2045\u20132047","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11461_CR48","first-page":"1517","volume":"148","author":"T Iwatsubo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Iwatsubo T, Yamaguchi H, Fujimuro M et al (1996) Purification and characterization of Lewy bodies from the brains of patients with diffuse Lewy body disease. Am J Pathol 148:1517","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"11461_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv040","volume":"138","author":"RF Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts RF, Wade-Martins R, Alegre-Abarrategui J (2015) Direct visualization of alpha-synuclein oligomers reveals previously undetected pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease brain. Brain 138:1642\u20131657","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11461_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.09.007","volume":"42","author":"ME Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson ME, Stecher B, Labrie V et al (2019) Triggers, facilitators, and aggravators: redefining Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis. Trends Neurosci 42:4\u201313","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"11461_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25020","volume":"27","author":"KM Shannon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Dodiya HB et al (2012) Is alpha-synuclein in the colon a biomarker for premotor Parkinson\u2019s disease? Evidence from 3 cases. Mov Disord 27:716\u2013719","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1214-6","volume":"127","author":"D Hilton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hilton D, Stephens M, Kirk L et al (2014) Accumulation of \u03b1-synuclein in the bowel of patients in the pre-clinical phase of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 127:235\u2013241","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11461_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687767","volume":"76","author":"K Wakabayashi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Takeda S et al (1988) Parkinson\u2019s disease: the presence of Lewy bodies in Auerbach\u2019s and Meissner\u2019s plexuses. Acta Neuropathol 76:217\u2013221","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11461_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.11.012","volume":"396","author":"H Braak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braak H, de Vos RAI, Bohl J, Del Tredici K (2006) Gastric \u03b1-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner\u2019s and Auerbach\u2019s plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson\u2019s disease-related brain pathology. Neurosci Lett 396:67\u201372","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"11461_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24648","volume":"79","author":"MG Stokholm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stokholm MG, Danielsen EH, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Borghammer P (2016) Pathological \u03b1-synuclein in gastrointestinal tissues from prodromal P arkinson disease patients. Ann Neurol 79:940\u2013949","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002126","volume":"85","author":"FS Sprenger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sprenger FS, Stefanova N, Gelpi E et al (2015) Enteric nervous system \u03b1-synuclein immunoreactivity in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 85:1761\u20131768","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11461_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","volume":"167","author":"TR Sampson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T et al (2016) Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cell 167:1469\u20131480","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"11461_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0664-3","volume":"119","author":"TG Beach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI et al (2010) Multi-organ distribution of phosphorylated \u03b1-synuclein histopathology in subjects with Lewy body disorders. Acta Neuropathol 119:689\u2013702","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11461_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-219001","volume":"11","author":"TG Beach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI et al (2021) Vagus nerve and stomach synucleinopathy in Parkinson\u2019s disease, incidental Lewy body disease, and normal elderly subjects: evidence against the \u201cbody-first\u201d hypothesis. J Parkinsons Dis 11:1\u201311","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR60","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"MG Tansey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tansey MG, Wallings RL, Houser MC et al (2022) Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2:1\u201317","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"11461_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02268-5","volume":"141","author":"AS Harms","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harms AS, Ferreira SA, Romero-Ramos M (2021) Periphery and brain, innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 141:527\u2013545","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11461_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70146-0","volume":"4","author":"DR Williams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Williams DR, Lees AJ (2005) Visual hallucinations in the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: a retrospective autopsy study. Lancet Neurol 4:605\u2013610","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.733","volume":"123","author":"G F\u00e9nelon","year":"2000","unstructured":"F\u00e9nelon G, Mahieux F, Huon R, Zi\u00e9gler M (2000) Hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors. Brain 123:733\u2013745","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11461_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2744-1","volume":"38","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Sun X, Wang J et al (2017) Prevalence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta and meta-regression analysis. Neurol Sci 38:163\u2013170","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"11461_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.08.001","volume":"35","author":"LM Chahine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chahine LM, Amara AW, Videnovic A (2017) A systematic review of the literature on disorders of sleep and wakefulness in Parkinson\u2019s disease from 2005 to 2015. Sleep Med Rev 35:33\u201350","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"11461_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21956","volume":"23","author":"MA Hely","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hely MA, Reid WGJ, Adena MA et al (2008) The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson\u2019s disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord 23:837\u2013844","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14698","volume":"150","author":"L Walker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walker L, Stefanis L, Attems J (2019) Clinical and neuropathological differences between Parkinson\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies\u2013current issues and future directions. J Neurochem 150:467\u2013474","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"11461_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988704267470","volume":"17","author":"D Aarsland","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aarsland D, Ballard CG, Halliday G (2004) Are Parkinson\u2019s disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies the same entity? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 17:137\u2013145","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0538-8","volume":"117","author":"TG Beach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beach TG, Adler CH, Lue L et al (2009) Unified staging system for Lewy body disorders: correlation with nigrostriatal degeneration, cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction. Acta Neuropathol 117:613\u2013634","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11461_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27138","volume":"33","author":"P Borghammer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borghammer P (2018) How does Parkinson\u2019s disease begin? Perspectives on neuroanatomical pathways, prions, and histology. Mov Disord 33:48\u201357","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.09.47","volume":"3","author":"PI Baker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baker PI, Love DR, Ferguson LR (2009) Role of gut microbiota in Crohn\u2019s disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:535\u2013546","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"11461_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-017-0813-5","volume":"11","author":"A Nishida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nishida A, Inoue R, Inatomi O et al (2018) Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin J Gastroenterol 11:1\u201310","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"11461_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000496","volume":"30","author":"M Marizzoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marizzoni M, Provasi S, Cattaneo A, Frisoni GB (2017) Microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Opin Neurol 30:630\u2013638","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.013","volume":"164","author":"R Sender","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (2016) Are we really vastly outnumbered? Revisiting the ratio of bacterial to host cells in humans. Cell 164:337\u2013340","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"11461_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00681-2","volume":"18","author":"AH Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan AH, Lim SY, Lang AE (2022) The microbiome\u2013gut\u2013brain axis in Parkinson disease\u2014from basic research to the clinic. Nat Rev Neurol 18:1\u201320","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-00149-4","volume":"7","author":"S Romano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Romano S, Savva GM, Bedarf JR et al (2021) Meta-analysis of the Parkinson\u2019s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. NPJ Park Dis 7:1\u201313","journal-title":"NPJ Park Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0175-7","volume":"8","author":"C Haikal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haikal C, Chen Q-Q, Li J-Y (2019) Microbiome changes: an indicator of Parkinson\u2019s disease? Transl Neurodegener 8:1\u20139","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"11461_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28119","volume":"35","author":"H Nishiwaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nishiwaki H, Ito M, Ishida T et al (2020) Meta-analysis of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 35:1626\u20131635","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","volume":"473","author":"M Arumugam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E et al (2011) Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 473:174\u2013180","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11461_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24460","volume":"551","author":"D Vandeputte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vandeputte D, Kathagen G, D\u2019hoe K et al (2017) Quantitative microbiome profiling links gut community variation to microbial load. Nature 551:507\u2013511","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11461_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00942.x","volume":"40","author":"J Loubinoux","year":"2002","unstructured":"Loubinoux J, Bronowicki J-P, Pereira IAC et al (2002) Sulfate-reducing bacteria in human feces and their association with inflammatory bowel diseases. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 40:107\u2013112","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"11461_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.05.007","volume":"53","author":"A Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin A, Zheng W, He Y et al (2018) Gut microbiota in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease in southern China. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 53:82\u201388","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.652617","volume":"11","author":"KE Murros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murros KE, Huynh VA, Takala TM, Saris PEJ (2021) Desulfovibrio bacteria are associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11:652617","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"11461_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms3040866","volume":"3","author":"SB Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh SB, Lin HC (2015) Hydrogen sulfide in physiology and diseases of the digestive tract. Microorganisms 3:866\u2013889","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"11461_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4689-5","volume":"62","author":"LL Barton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barton LL, Ritz NL, Fauque GD, Lin HC (2017) Sulfur cycling and the intestinal microbiome. Dig Dis Sci 62:2241\u20132257","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"11461_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315666","volume":"68","author":"M Villumsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Villumsen M, Aznar S, Pakkenberg B et al (2019) Inflammatory bowel disease increases the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study 1977\u20132014. Gut 68:18\u201324","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"11461_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","volume":"16","author":"B Dalile","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, Verbeke K (2019) The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain communication. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 16:461\u2013478","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"11461_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.08.019","volume":"32","author":"MM Unger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Unger MM, Spiegel J, Dillmann K-U et al (2016) Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and age-matched controls. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 32:66\u201372","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.02.022","volume":"50","author":"A Schwiertz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwiertz A, Spiegel J, Dillmann U et al (2018) Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and intestinal permeability are elevated in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 50:104\u2013107","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28016","volume":"35","author":"C Shin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shin C, Lim Y, Lim H, Ahn T (2020) Plasma short-chain fatty acids in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 35:1021\u20131027","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12015","volume":"7","author":"S Jangi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jangi S, Gandhi R, Cox LM et al (2016) Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis. Nat Commun 7:1\u201311","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"11461_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10719","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711233114","volume":"114","author":"K Berer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berer K, Gerdes LA, Cekanaviciute E et al (2017) Gut microbiota from multiple sclerosis patients enables spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114:10719\u201310724","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"11461_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711235114","volume":"114","author":"E Cekanaviciute","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cekanaviciute E, Yoo BB, Runia TF et al (2017) Gut bacteria from multiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114:10713\u201310718","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"11461_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.054","volume":"183","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Jelcic I, M\u00fchlenbruch L et al (2020) HLA-DR15 molecules jointly shape an autoreactive T cell repertoire in multiple sclerosis. Cell 183:1264\u20131281","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"11461_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2021.04.012","volume":"37","author":"R Martin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martin R, Sospedra M, Eiermann T, Olsson T (2021) Multiple sclerosis: doubling down on MHC. Trends Genet 37:784\u2013797","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"11461_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26307","volume":"30","author":"A Keshavarzian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keshavarzian A, Green SJ, Engen PA et al (2015) Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 30:1351\u20131360","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26069","volume":"30","author":"F Scheperjans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scheperjans F, Aho V, Pereira PAB et al (2015) Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson\u2019s disease and clinical phenotype. Mov Disord 30:350\u2013358","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414","volume":"71","author":"CRH Raetz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raetz CRH, Whitfield C (2002) Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. Annu Rev Biochem 71:635","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"11461_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.08.005","volume":"187","author":"M Nighot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nighot M, Al-Sadi R, Guo S et al (2017) Lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight permeability is mediated by toll-like receptor 4\/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) activation of myosin light chain kinase expression. Am J Pathol 187:2698\u20132710","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"11461_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.014","volume":"182","author":"S Guo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guo S, Al-Sadi R, Said HM, Ma TY (2013) Lipopolysaccharide causes an increase in intestinal tight junction permeability in vitro and in vivo by inducing enterocyte membrane expression and localization of TLR-4 and CD14. Am J Pathol 182:375\u2013387","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"11461_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402598","volume":"195","author":"S Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo S, Nighot M, Al-Sadi R et al (2015) Lipopolysaccharide regulation of intestinal tight junction permeability is mediated by TLR4 signal transduction pathway activation of FAK and MyD88. J Immunol 195:4999\u20135010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"11461_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142164","volume":"10","author":"S Hasegawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hasegawa S, Goto S, Tsuji H et al (2015) Intestinal dysbiosis and lowered serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE 10:e0142164","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11461_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00306","volume":"9","author":"GD Pal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pal GD, Shaikh M, Forsyth CB et al (2015) Abnormal lipopolysaccharide binding protein as marker of gastrointestinal inflammation in Parkinson disease. Front Neurosci 9:306","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"11461_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212574","volume":"11","author":"S-J Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen S-J, Chi Y-C, Ho C-H et al (2021) Plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein reflects risk and progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Parkinsons Dis 11:1129\u20131139","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0390989","volume":"39","author":"RR Schumann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schumann RR (2011) Old and new findings on lipopolysaccharide-binding protein: a soluble pattern-recognition molecule. Biochem Soc Trans 39:989\u2013993","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"11461_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000163569","volume":"58","author":"G Ramadori","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ramadori G, Zum Buschenfelde K-HM, Tobias PS et al (1990) Biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in rabbit hepatocytes. Pathobiology 58:89\u201394","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"11461_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2020.105029","volume":"235","author":"D Bhattacharyya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya D, Bhunia A (2021) Gut\u2013brain axis in Parkinson\u2019s disease etiology: the role of lipopolysaccharide. Chem Phys Lipids 235:105029","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"11461_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00733","volume":"10","author":"D Bhattacharyya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya D, Mohite GM, Krishnamoorthy J et al (2019) Lipopolysaccharide from gut microbiota modulates \u03b1-synuclein aggregation and alters its biological function. ACS Chem Neurosci 10:2229\u20132236","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"11461_CR109","first-page":"105029","volume":"2","author":"D Bhattacharyya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya D, Bhunia A (2020) Gut\u2013Brain axis in Parkinson\u2019s disease etiology: the role of lipopolysaccharide. Chem Phys Lipids 2:105029","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"11461_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0001-8","volume":"6","author":"C Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim C, Lv G, Lee JS et al (2016) Exposure to bacterial endotoxin generates a distinct strain of \u03b1-synuclein fibril. Sci Rep 6:1\u201312","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"11461_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100060","volume":"4","author":"I Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng I, Corrigan F, Zhai G et al (2020) Lipopolysaccharide animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease: recent progress and relevance to clinical disease. Brain Behav Immun Health 4:100060","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"11461_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2038","volume":"8","author":"ML Block","year":"2007","unstructured":"Block ML, Zecca L, Hong J-S (2007) Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:57\u201369","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"11461_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2016.10.005","volume":"44","author":"CV Rosadini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosadini CV, Kagan JC (2017) Early innate immune responses to bacterial LPS. Curr Opin Immunol 44:14\u201319","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"11461_CR114","first-page":"2","volume":"643","author":"SB Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh SB, Coffman CN, Carroll-Portillo A et al (2021) Notch signaling pathway is activated by sulfate reducing bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 643:2","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"11461_CR115","first-page":"991","volume":"8","author":"L Weglarz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weglarz L, Dzierzewicz Z, Skop B et al (2003) Desulfovibrio desulfuricans lipopolysaccharides induce endothelial cell IL-6 and IL-8 secretion and E-selectin and VCAM-1 expression. Cell Mol Biol Lett 8:991\u20131004","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"11461_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00069","volume":"2","author":"IAC Pereira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pereira IAC, Ramos AR, Grein F et al (2011) A comparative genomic analysis of energy metabolism in sulfate reducing bacteria and archaea. Front Microbiol 2:69","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"11461_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1021\/la503749e","volume":"31","author":"N Joshi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joshi N, Basak S, Kundu S et al (2015) Attenuation of the early events of \u03b1-synuclein aggregation: a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and laser scanning microscopy study in the presence of surface-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Langmuir 31:1469\u20131478","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"11461_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11060978","volume":"11","author":"KE Murros","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murros KE (2022) Hydrogen sulfide produced by gut bacteria may induce Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cells 11:978","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"11461_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0001-8","volume":"6","author":"SG Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen SG, Stribinskis V, Rane MJ et al (2016) Exposure to the functional bacterial amyloid protein curli enhances alpha-synuclein aggregation in aged Fischer 344 rats and Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 6:1\u201310","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"11461_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.53111","volume":"9","author":"TR Sampson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sampson TR, Challis C, Jain N et al (2020) A gut bacterial amyloid promotes \u03b1-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice. Elife 9:e53111","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"11461_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19861","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.815522","volume":"292","author":"HM Swasthi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Swasthi HM, Mukhopadhyay S (2017) Electrostatic lipid\u2013protein interactions sequester the curli amyloid fold on the lipopolysaccharide membrane surface. J Biol Chem 292:19861\u201319872","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"11461_CR122","first-page":"G171","volume":"312","author":"JM Wells","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wells JM, Brummer RJ, Derrien M et al (2017) Homeostasis of the gut barrier and potential biomarkers. Am J Physiol Liver Physiol 312:G171\u2013G193","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Liver Physiol"},{"key":"11461_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028032","volume":"6","author":"CB Forsyth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Forsyth CB, Shannon KM, Kordower JH et al (2011) Increased intestinal permeability correlates with sigmoid mucosa alpha-synuclein staining and endotoxin exposure markers in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE 6:e28032","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11461_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-015-0196-0","volume":"3","author":"T Clairembault","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clairembault T, Leclair-Visonneau L, Coron E et al (2015) Structural alterations of the intestinal epithelial barrier in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 3:1\u20139","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"11461_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00427-6","volume":"16","author":"VTE Aho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aho VTE, Houser MC, Pereira PAB et al (2021) Relationships of gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, inflammation, and the gut barrier in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mol Neurodegener 16:1\u201314","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"11461_CR126","first-page":"2","volume":"627","author":"SB Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh SB, Coffman CN, Varga MG et al (2022) Intestinal alkaline phosphatase prevents sulfate reducing bacteria-induced increased tight junction permeability by inhibiting snail pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 627:2","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"11461_CR127","first-page":"1635","volume":"35","author":"CB Forsyth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Forsyth CB, Tang Y, Shaikh M et al (2011) Role of snail activation in alcohol-induced iNOS-mediated disruption of intestinal epithelial cell permeability. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 35:1635\u20131643","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"11461_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12234","volume":"38","author":"E Elamin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elamin E, Masclee A, Troost F et al (2014) Activation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition factor snail mediates acetaldehyde-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 38:344\u2013353","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"11461_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13211","volume":"22","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu W, Ruan T, Ji X et al (2020) The Gli1-snail axis contributes to salmonella typhimurium-induced disruption of intercellular junctions of intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 22:e13211","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"11461_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/35000025","volume":"2","author":"A Cano","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cano A, P\u00e9rez-Moreno MA, Rodrigo I et al (2000) The transcription factor snail controls epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cadherin expression. Nat Cell Biol 2:76\u201383","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"11461_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20050591","volume":"394","author":"OM Mart\u00ednez-Estrada","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Estrada OM, Culler\u00e9s A, Soriano FX et al (2006) The transcription factors Slug and Snail act as repressors of Claudin-1 expression in epithelial cells. Biochem J 394:449\u2013457","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"11461_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25736","volume":"29","author":"LP Kelly","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kelly LP, Carvey PM, Keshavarzian A et al (2014) Progression of intestinal permeability changes and alpha-synuclein expression in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 29:999\u20131009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105119","volume":"161","author":"N Dilek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dilek N, Papapetropoulos A, Toliver-Kinsky T, Szabo C (2020) Hydrogen sulfide: an endogenous regulator of the immune system. Pharmacol Res 161:105119","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"11461_CR134","first-page":"2","volume":"521","author":"K Shannon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shannon K (2022) Gut-derived sterile inflammation and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neurol 521:2","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab156","volume":"144","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Q, Luo Y, Ray Chaudhuri K et al (2021) The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options. Brain 144:2571\u20132593","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11461_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1028-z","volume":"70","author":"P Forsythe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Forsythe P, Kunze WA (2013) Voices from within: gut microbes and the CNS. Cell Mol life Sci 70:55\u201369","journal-title":"Cell Mol life Sci"},{"key":"11461_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24448","volume":"78","author":"E Svensson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Svensson E, Horv\u00e1th-Puh\u00f3 E, Thomsen RW et al (2015) Vagotomy and subsequent risk of P arkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 78:522\u2013529","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003961","volume":"88","author":"B Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu B, Fang F, Pedersen NL et al (2017) Vagotomy and Parkinson disease: a Swedish register\u2013based matched-cohort study. Neurology 88:1996\u20132002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11461_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1343-6","volume":"128","author":"S Holmqvist","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holmqvist S, Chutna O, Bousset L et al (2014) Direct evidence of Parkinson pathology spread from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain in rats. Acta Neuropathol 128:805\u2013820","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11461_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.035","volume":"103","author":"S Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim S, Kwon S-H, Kam T-I et al (2019) Transneuronal propagation of pathologic \u03b1-synuclein from the gut to the brain models Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuron 103:627\u2013641","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"11461_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-00416-6","volume":"22","author":"MB Fares","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fares MB, Jagannath S, Lashuel HA (2021) Reverse engineering Lewy bodies: how far have we come and how far can we go? Nat Rev Neurosci 22:111\u2013131","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"11461_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1485-1","volume":"131","author":"T Uchihara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uchihara T, Giasson BI (2016) Propagation of alpha-synuclein pathology: hypotheses, discoveries, and yet unresolved questions from experimental and human brain studies. Acta Neuropathol 131:49\u201373","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11461_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06873.x","volume":"30","author":"T Lebouvier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lebouvier T, Chaumette T, Paillusson S et al (2009) The second brain and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur J Neurosci 30:735\u2013741","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"11461_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92295","volume":"2","author":"R Chandra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chandra R, Hiniker A, Kuo Y-M et al (2017) \u03b1-Synuclein in gut endocrine cells and its implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease. JCI insight 2:2","journal-title":"JCI insight"},{"key":"11461_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78361","volume":"125","author":"DV Boh\u00f3rquez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boh\u00f3rquez DV, Shahid RA, Erdmann A et al (2015) Neuroepithelial circuit formed by innervation of sensory enteroendocrine cells. J Clin Invest 125:782\u2013786","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"11461_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089881","volume":"9","author":"DV Boh\u00f3rquez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boh\u00f3rquez DV, Samsa LA, Roholt A et al (2014) An enteroendocrine cell\u2013enteric glia connection revealed by 3D electron microscopy. PLoS ONE 9:e89881","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11461_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.07.003","volume":"23","author":"M Reale","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reale M, Iarlori C, Thomas A et al (2009) Peripheral cytokines profile in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Behav Immun 23:55\u201363","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"11461_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.06.040","volume":"441","author":"B Brodacki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brodacki B, Staszewski J, Toczy\u0142owska B et al (2008) Serum interleukin (IL-2, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4), TNF\u03b1, and INF\u03b3 concentrations are elevated in patients with atypical and idiopathic parkinsonism. Neurosci Lett 441:158\u2013162","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"11461_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2017","volume":"99","author":"MD Sweeney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sweeney MD, Zhao Z, Montagne A et al (2019) Blood-brain barrier: from physiology to disease and back. Physiol Rev 99:21\u201378","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"11461_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","volume":"14","author":"MD Sweeney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV (2018) Blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 14:133","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.32","volume":"35","author":"MT Gray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gray MT, Woulfe JM (2015) Striatal blood\u2013brain barrier permeability in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 35:747\u2013750","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"11461_CR152","first-page":"2","volume":"2","author":"S Al-Bachari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Bachari S, Naish JH, Parker GJ et al (2020) Blood-brain barrier leakage is increased in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Physiol 2:2","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"11461_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-188","volume":"9","author":"V Pisani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pisani V, Stefani A, Pierantozzi M et al (2012) Increased blood-cerebrospinal fluid transfer of albumin in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neuroinflamm 9:1\u20134","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"11461_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.12.006","volume":"74","author":"IS Pienaar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pienaar IS, Lee CH, Elson JL et al (2015) Deep-brain stimulation associates with improved microvascular integrity in the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Dis 74:392\u2013405","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20369","volume":"57","author":"R Kortekaas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kortekaas R, Leenders KL, Van Oostrom JCH et al (2005) Blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction in parkinsonian midbrain in vivo. Ann Neurol 57:176\u2013179","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S254403","volume":"13","author":"W Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang W, Zhu H, Feng Y et al (2020) The impact of gut microbiota disorders on the blood\u2013brain barrier. Infect Drug Resist 13:3351","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"11461_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0434-1","volume":"12","author":"WA Banks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Banks WA, Gray AM, Erickson MA et al (2015) Lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption: roles of cyclooxygenase, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and elements of the neurovascular unit. J Neuroinflammation 12:1\u201315","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"11461_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180755","volume":"67","author":"SM Barton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barton SM, Janve VA, McClure R et al (2019) Lipopolysaccharide induced opening of the blood brain barrier on aging 5XFAD mouse model. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis 67:503\u2013513","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.031","volume":"37","author":"WA Banks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Banks WA, Erickson MA (2010) The blood\u2013brain barrier and immune function and dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 37:26\u201332","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"11461_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80889-8","volume":"11","author":"O Elabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elabi O, Gaceb A, Carlsson R et al (2021) Human \u03b1-synuclein overexpression in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease leads to vascular pathology, blood brain barrier leakage and pericyte activation. Sci Rep 11:1\u201314","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"11461_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.03.010","volume":"60","author":"A Varatharaj","year":"2017","unstructured":"Varatharaj A, Galea I (2017) The blood\u2013brain barrier in systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 60:1\u201312","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"11461_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.09.018","volume":"62","author":"Y-T Sui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sui Y-T, Bullock KM, Erickson MA et al (2014) Alpha synuclein is transported into and out of the brain by the blood\u2013brain barrier. Peptides 62:197\u2013202","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"11461_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.06.058","volume":"551","author":"A Jangula","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jangula A, Murphy EJ (2013) Lipopolysaccharide-induced blood brain barrier permeability is enhanced by alpha-synuclein expression. Neurosci Lett 551:23\u201327","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"11461_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74159","volume":"125","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim BJ, Hancock BM, Bermudez A et al (2015) Bacterial induction of Snail1 contributes to blood\u2013brain barrier disruption. J Clin Invest 125:2473\u20132483","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"11461_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13812-z","volume":"10","author":"K Haruwaka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haruwaka K, Ikegami A, Tachibana Y et al (2019) Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation. Nat Commun 10:1\u201317","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"11461_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1285","volume":"38","author":"PL McGeer","year":"1988","unstructured":"McGeer PL, Itagaki S, Boyes BE, McGeer EG (1988) Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains. Neurology 38:1285","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11461_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0766-2","volume":"106","author":"K Imamura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Imamura K, Hishikawa N, Sawada M et al (2003) Distribution of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive microglia and cytokine profile of Parkinson\u2019s disease brains. Acta Neuropathol 106:518\u2013526","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11461_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww006","volume":"139","author":"M Ehrminger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ehrminger M, Latimier A, Pyatigorskaya N et al (2016) The coeruleus\/subcoeruleus complex in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Brain 139:1180\u20131188","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11461_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30162-5","volume":"17","author":"K Knudsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knudsen K, Fedorova TD, Hansen AK et al (2018) In-vivo staging of pathology in REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multimodality imaging case-control study. Lancet Neurol 17:618\u2013628","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7317-8","volume":"261","author":"L Ferini-Strambi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferini-Strambi L, Oertel W, Dauvilliers Y et al (2014) Autonomic symptoms in idiopathic REM behavior disorder: a multicentre case\u2013control study. J Neurol 261:1112\u20131118","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7742-3","volume":"262","author":"C Aguirre-Mardones","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aguirre-Mardones C, Iranzo A, Vilas D et al (2015) Prevalence and timeline of nonmotor symptoms in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. J Neurol 262:1568\u20131578","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.08.011","volume":"58","author":"K Knudsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knudsen K, Fedorova TD, Hansen AK et al (2019) Objective intestinal function in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 58:28\u201334","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27105","volume":"33","author":"A Heintz-Buschart","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heintz-Buschart A, Pandey U, Wicke T et al (2018) The nasal and gut microbiome in Parkinson\u2019s disease and idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord 33:88\u201398","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00797","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00797-20","volume":"5","author":"H Nishiwaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nishiwaki H, Hamaguchi T, Ito M et al (2020) Short-chain fatty acid-producing gut microbiota is decreased in Parkinson\u2019s disease but not in rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder. Msystems 5:e00797-e820","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"11461_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27841","volume":"34","author":"R Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim R, Jun J, Kim H et al (2019) Peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord 34:1739\u20131744","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.07.017","volume":"78","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang H, Wang T, Li Y et al (2020) Plasma immune markers in an idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder cohort. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 78:145\u2013150","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"11461_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30173-4","volume":"16","author":"MG Stokholm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stokholm MG, Iranzo A, \u00d8stergaard K et al (2017) Assessment of neuroinflammation in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a case\u2013control study. Lancet Neurol 16:789\u2013796","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020858118","volume":"118","author":"K Farmen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farmen K, Nissen SK, Stokholm MG et al (2021) Monocyte markers correlate with immune and neuronal brain changes in REM sleep behavior disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118:e2020858118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"11461_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00061-2","volume":"20","author":"N Vijiaratnam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vijiaratnam N, Simuni T, Bandmann O et al (2021) Progress towards therapies for disease modification in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 20:559\u2013572","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11461_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm19044","volume":"25","author":"SK Dutta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dutta SK, Verma S, Jain V et al (2019) Parkinson\u2019s disease: the emerging role of gut dysbiosis, antibiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 25:363","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"11461_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003127","volume":"87","author":"M Barichella","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barichella M, Pacchetti C, Bolliri C et al (2016) Probiotics and prebiotic fiber for constipation associated with Parkinson disease: an RCT. Neurology 87:1274\u20131280","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11461_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.018","volume":"38","author":"OR Tamtaji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tamtaji OR, Taghizadeh M, Kakhaki RD et al (2019) Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr 38:1031\u20131035","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"11461_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08294-y","volume":"10","author":"SP van Kessel","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Kessel SP, Frye AK, El-Gendy AO et al (2019) Gut bacterial tyrosine decarboxylases restrict levels of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat Commun 10:1\u201311","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"11461_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6323","volume":"364","author":"V Maini Rekdal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maini Rekdal V, Bess EN, Bisanz JE et al (2019) Discovery and inhibition of an interspecies gut bacterial pathway for Levodopa metabolism. Science 364:6323","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11461_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00876-3","volume":"18","author":"SP van Kessel","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Kessel SP, de Jong HR, Winkel SL et al (2020) Gut bacterial deamination of residual levodopa medication for Parkinson\u2019s disease. BMC Biol 18:1\u201314","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"11461_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.08.010","volume":"66","author":"M Lubomski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lubomski M, Davis RL, Sue CM (2019) The gut microbiota: a novel therapeutic target in Parkinson\u2019s disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 66:265\u2013266","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11461-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11461-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11461-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T10:04:14Z","timestamp":1675245854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11461-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"references-count":186,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["11461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11461-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Drs. Ryman, Vakhtin, and Lin declare they have no competing financial interests. Dr. Pirio Richardson has received honoraria for lectures from the International Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Movement Disorders Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Dr. Pirio Richardson serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards for private foundations including the Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation and the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation. She has received royalties from Springer.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}