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Most existing research has however, focused on visual hallucinations as well as related risk factors. The current study thus conducted a systematic review to collate existing evidence on non-visual hallucinations in PD, focusing on their prevalence, phenomenology, and clinical-cognitive correlates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety-one relevant studies were included from a systematic search across PsycINFO APA, PubMed, and Web of Science, for peer-reviewed publications in the English language, from 1970 to the present. These comprised a mix of case (30 studies;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200956) and group design (62 studies;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097346) studies, divided into three somewhat overlapping collections to address our three research foci.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence estimates for hallucinations were: auditory 1.5\u201372.0%, olfactory 1.6\u201321.0%, somatic-tactile 0.4\u201322.5%, gustatory 1.0\u201315.0%, and sensed presence 0.9\u201373.3%. Phenomenological inquiries revealed descriptions of vivid, consuming events replete with elaborate detail, adversely affecting PD patients in different ways. Overt experiences of multisensory hallucinations were also highly variable (0.4\u201380%) but exceedingly common, reported by almost half of the 45 included prevalence studies. There was some evidence for modality-specific hallucination predictors, but this was largely tentative, pending robust replication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Marked prevalence figures coupled with phenomenological descriptions implicating distress denote that non-visual and multisensory hallucinations in PD are of clinical significance. More direct research and clinical attention need to be devoted to the study and management of such hallucinatory experiences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11545-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T02:03:01Z","timestamp":1674784981000},"page":"2857-2889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Non-visual hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"270","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4187-1182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Lin","family":"Toh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Yolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Gurvich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Rossell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"11545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0053-2","volume":"27","author":"F Sprenger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sprenger F, Poewe W (2013) Management of motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. 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