{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:45:44Z","timestamp":1793724344465,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000261","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EGID3185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EGID3185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","award":["SI-1905-34071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SI-1905-34071"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03019wv17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Award","award":["UL1 TR000448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000448"]}]},{"name":"Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center and NCI Cancer Center Support","award":["P30 CA091842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA091842"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11636-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T04:02:56Z","timestamp":1678161776000},"page":"3120-3128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Profiling cognitive\u2013motor interference in a large sample of persons with progressive multiple sclerosis and impaired processing speed: results from the CogEx study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"270","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7317-2431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Veldkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7973-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"D\u2019hooge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2013-7632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. M.","family":"Sandroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3745-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"DeLuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3566-2269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Kos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1088-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Salter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Feinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-3760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. P.","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Brichetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Chataway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2943-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. D.","family":"Chiaravalloti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4132-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U.","family":"Dalgas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5894-2290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. W.","family":"Motl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Inglese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2358-4320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. A.","family":"Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8455-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Cutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5680-5495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Feys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the CogEx Research Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"11636_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/720856","volume":"2015","author":"DA Wajda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wajda DA, Sosnoff JJ (2015) Cognitive\u2013motor interference in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of evidence, correlates, and consequences. Biomed Res Int 2015:720856","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"11636_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.016","volume":"94","author":"B Postigo-Alonso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Postigo-Alonso B et al (2018) Cognitive\u2013motor interference during gait in patients with multiple sclerosis: a mixed methods systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 94:126\u2013148","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"11636_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514547408","volume":"21","author":"C Leone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leone C, Patti F, Feys P (2015) Measuring the cost of cognitive\u2013motor dual tasking during walking in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 21(2):123\u2013131","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"6","key":"11636_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.018","volume":"98","author":"YC Learmonth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Learmonth YC, Ensari I, Motl RW (2017) Cognitive motor interference in multiple sclerosis: insights from a systematic quantitative review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 98(6):1229\u20131240","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"11636_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00225","volume":"9","author":"P Plummer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plummer P, Eskes G (2015) Measuring treatment effects on dual-task performance: a framework for research and clinical practice. Front Hum Neurosci 9:225","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"11636_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09759-7","author":"S Shema-Shiratzky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shema-Shiratzky S et al (2020) A wearable sensor identifies alterations in community ambulation in multiple sclerosis: contributors to real-world gait quality and physical activity. J Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-09759-7","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"11636_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2456-y","volume":"37","author":"L Castelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castelli L et al (2016) The dual task-cost of standing balance affects quality of life in mildly disabled MS people. Neurol Sci 37(5):673\u2013679","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"11636_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516637201","volume":"31","author":"Y Etemadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Etemadi Y (2017) Dual task cost of cognition is related to fall risk in patients with multiple sclerosis: a prospective study. Clin Rehabil 31(2):278\u2013284","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"11636_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.09.021","volume":"335","author":"DA Wajda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wajda DA, Motl RW, Sosnoff JJ (2013) Dual task cost of walking is related to fall risk in persons with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 335(1\u20132):160\u2013163","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"11636_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513488233","volume":"19","author":"H Gunn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gunn H et al (2013) Risk factors for falls in multiple sclerosis: an observational study. Mult Scler 19(14):1913\u20131922","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11636_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.06.014","volume":"17","author":"S Tajali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tajali S et al (2017) Predicting falls among patients with multiple sclerosis: comparison of patient-reported outcomes and performance-based measures of lower extremity functions. Mult Scler Relat Disord 17:69\u201374","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"11636_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103230","volume":"56","author":"R Veldkamp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Veldkamp R et al (2021) Associations between clinical characteristics and dual task performance in Multiple Sclerosis depend on the cognitive and motor dual tasks used. Mult Scler Relat Disord 56:103230","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"11636_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.11.023","volume":"39","author":"RW Motl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Motl RW et al (2014) Walking and cognition, but not symptoms, correlate with dual task cost of walking in multiple sclerosis. Gait Posture 39(3):870\u2013874","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"12","key":"11636_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.07.004","volume":"92","author":"JJ Sosnoff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sosnoff JJ et al (2011) Walking and thinking in persons with multiple sclerosis who vary in disability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92(12):2028\u20132033","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"11636_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.07.069","volume":"81","author":"S Rooney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rooney S, Ozkul C, Paul L (2020) Correlates of dual-task performance in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Gait Posture 81:172\u2013182","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"8","key":"11636_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.03.007","volume":"95","author":"YC Learmonth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Learmonth YC et al (2014) Cognitive motor interference during walking in multiple sclerosis using an alternate-letter alphabet task. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95(8):1498\u20131503","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"11636_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00261","volume":"10","author":"B Brochet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brochet B, Ruet A (2019) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis with regards to disease duration and clinical phenotypes. Front Neurol 10:261","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"11636_CR18","first-page":"207","volume":"51","author":"P Feys","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feys P et al (2015) Walking capacity and ability are more impaired in progressive compared to relapsing type of multiple sclerosis. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 51(2):207\u2013210","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"11636_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211048397","author":"BM Sandroff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandroff BM et al (2021) Cardiorespiratory fitness and free-living physical activity are not associated with cognition in persons with progressive multiple sclerosis: baseline analyses from the CogEx study. Mult Scler. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585211048397","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1","key":"11636_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01772-7","volume":"20","author":"A Feinstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feinstein A et al (2020) Study protocol: improving cognition in people with progressive multiple sclerosis: a multi-arm, randomized, blinded, sham-controlled trial of cognitive rehabilitation and aerobic exercise (COGEx). BMC Neurol 20(1):204","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"11636_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431076","volume":"18","author":"DW Langdon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langdon DW et al (2012) Recommendations for a brief international cognitive assessment for multiple sclerosis (BICAMS). Mult Scler 18(6):891\u2013898","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"11636_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507082607","volume":"14","author":"MD Goldman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldman MD, Marrie RA, Cohen JA (2008) Evaluation of the six-minute walk in multiple sclerosis subjects and healthy controls. Mult Scler 14(3):383\u2013390","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11636_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195165678.001.0001","volume-title":"Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires","author":"I McDowell","year":"2006","unstructured":"McDowell I (2006) Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press Inc, New York","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"11636_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.04.014","volume":"42","author":"YC Learmonth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Learmonth YC, Pilutti LA, Motl RW (2015) Generalised cognitive motor interference in multiple sclerosis. Gait Posture 42(1):96\u2013100","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"11636_CR25","volume":"2015","author":"MC Kirkland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirkland MC et al (2015) Comparing three dual-task methods and the relationship to physical and cognitive impairment in people with multiple sclerosis and controls. Mult Scler Int 2015:650645","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"11636_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2016-120","volume":"19","author":"MA Ciol","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ciol MA et al (2017) Effect of cognitive demand on functional mobility in ambulatory individuals with multiple sclerosis. Int J MS Care 19(4):217\u2013224","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"11636_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.04.015","volume":"96","author":"BM Sandroff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sandroff BM, Benedict RH, Motl RW (2015) Nonsignificant associations between measures of inhibitory control and walking while thinking in persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 96(8):1518\u20131524","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"11636_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00289-7","volume":"22","author":"T Kuhlmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuhlmann T et al (2023) Multiple sclerosis progression: time for a new mechanism-driven framework. Lancet Neurol 22(1):78\u201388","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"11636_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520986960","volume":"27","author":"R Veldkamp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Veldkamp R et al (2021) Differential effects and discriminative validity of motor and cognitive tasks varying in difficulty on cognitive\u2013motor interference in persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 27(12):1924\u20131938","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"10","key":"11636_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509106712","volume":"15","author":"F Hamilton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamilton F et al (2009) Walking and talking: an investigation of cognitive\u2013motor dual tasking in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 15(10):1215\u20131227","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"6","key":"11636_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24963","volume":"27","author":"G Yogev-Seligmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yogev-Seligmann G, Hausdorff JM, Giladi N (2012) Do we always prioritize balance when walking? Towards an integrated model of task prioritization. Mov Disord 27(6):765\u2013770","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"11636_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.08.118","volume":"82","author":"DA Wajda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wajda DA, Zanotto T, Sosnoff JJ (2020) Influence of the environment on cognitive\u2013motor interaction during walking in people living with and without multiple sclerosis. Gait Posture 82:20\u201325","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"11636_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2013.782361","volume":"36","author":"JJ Sosnoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sosnoff JJ et al (2014) Mobility and cognitive correlates of dual task cost of walking in persons with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil 36(3):205\u2013209","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"11636_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.08.003","volume":"35","author":"TC Brandler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brandler TC et al (2012) Walking while talking: investigation of alternate forms. Gait Posture 35(1):164\u2013166","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"8","key":"11636_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319856897","volume":"33","author":"R Veldkamp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Veldkamp R et al (2019) Test-retest reliability of cognitive\u2013motor interference assessments in walking with various task complexities in persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 33(8):623\u2013634","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"11636_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.11.007","volume":"52","author":"L Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang L et al (2017) Psychometric properties of dual-task balance and walking assessments for individuals with neurological conditions: a systematic review. Gait Posture 52:110\u2013123","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"11636_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211011390","volume":"28","author":"C Wojcik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wojcik C et al (2022) Staging and stratifying cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 28(3):463\u2013471","journal-title":"Mult Scler"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11636-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11636-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11636-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T13:07:23Z","timestamp":1684242443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11636-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["11636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11636-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Renee Veldkamp has no disclosures to report. Mieke D\u2019hooge has no disclosures to report. Anthony Feinstein is on Advisory Boards for Akili Interactive and Roche, and reports grants from the MS Society of Canada, book royalties from Johns Hopkins University Press, Cambridge University Press, Amadeus Press and Glitterati Editions, and speaker\u2019s honoraria from Novartis, Biogen, Roche and Sanofi-Genzyme. Maria Pia Amato received compensation for consulting services and\/or speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; and receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Roche, Pharmaceutical Industries and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multiplav. Giampaolo Brichetto has been awarded and receives research support from Roche, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, ARSEP, H2020 EU Call. Jeremy Chataway has received support from the Efficacy and Evaluation (EME) Programme, a Medical Research Council (MRC) and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) partnership and the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme (NIHR), the UK MS Society, the US National MS Society and the Rosetrees Trust. He is supported in part by the National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. He has been a local principal investigator for commercial trials funded by: Actelion, Biogen, Novartis and Roche; has received an investigator grant from Novartis; and has taken part in advisory boards\/consultancy for Azadyne, Biogen, Celgene, MedDay, Merck and Roche. Nancy D. Chiaravalloti is on an Advisory Board for Akili Interactive and is a member of the Editorial Boards of Multiple Sclerosis Journal and Frontiers in NeuroTrauma. Ulrik Dalgas has received research support, travel grants, and\/or teaching honorary from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Bayer Schering, and Sanofi Aventis as well as honoraria from serving on scientific advisory boards of Biogen Idec and Genzyme. John DeLuca is an Associate Editor of the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Neuropsychology Review; received compensation for consulting services and\/or speaking activities from Biogen Idec, Celgene, MedRhythms, and Novartis; and receives research support from Biogen Idec, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, and National Institutes of Health. Cecilia Meza has no disclosures to report. Rachel Farrell is supported in part by the National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. She has received honoraria for participation in advisory boards, consultancy and speaker fees for Merz, Abbvie (Allergan), Ipsen, Biogen, Merck, Teva, Novartis. Peter Feys is editorial board member of NNR, MSJ and Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences-section strengthening health systems, provided consultancy to NeuroCompass and lectures for Roche. Massimo Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology and Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology, received compensation for consulting services and\/or speaking activities from Alexion, Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, and receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, the Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, and ARiSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA). Jennifer Freeman has been awarded research grants from the NIHR, UK. Matilde Inglese is Co-Editor for Controversies for Multiple Sclerosis Journal; received compensation for consulting services and\/or speaking activities from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme; and received research support from NIH, NMSS, the MS Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, H2020 EU Call. Robert W. Motl has no disclosures to report. Maria Assunta Rocca received speaker honoraria from Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Teva and research support from the Canadian MS Society and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. Brian Sandroff has no disclosures to report. Gary Cutter is a member of Data and Safety Monitoring Boards for Astra-Zeneca, Avexis Pharmaceuticals, Biolinerx, Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics, Bristol Meyers Squibb\/Celgene, CSL Behring, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Horizon Pharmaceuticals,Hisun Pharmaceuticals, Mapi Pharmaceuticals LTD, Merck, Merck\/Pfizer, Opko Biologics, OncoImmune, Neurim, Novartis, Ophazyme, Sanofi-Aventis, Reata Pharmaceuticals, Teva pharmaceuticals, VielaBio Inc, Vivus, NHLBI (Protocol Review Committee), NICHD (OPRU oversight committee). He is on Consulting or Advisory Boards for Biodelivery Sciences International, Biogen, Click Therapeutics, Genzyme, Genentech, GW Pharmaceuticals, Klein-Buendel Incorporated, Medimmune, Medday, Neurogenesis LTD, Novartis, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals, Perception Neurosciences, Recursion\/Cerexis Pharmaceuticals, Roche, TG Therapeutics. Dr. Cutter is employed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham and President of Pythagoras, Inc. a private consulting company located in Birmingham AL. Amber Salter receives research funding from Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, CMSC and the US Department of Defense and is a member of editorial board for Neurology. She serves as a consultant for Gryphon Bio, LLC. She is a member of the Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Premature Infants Receiving Milking or Delayed Cord Clamping (PREMOD2), Central Vein Sign: A Diagnostic Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis (CAVS-MS), and Ocrelizumab for Preventing Clinical Multiple Sclerosis in Individuals With Radiologically Isolated Disease (CELLO). Daphne Kos received consulting and\/or educational support from Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme, Almirall.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}