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Now, in 2023, we present an update of the subject which reflects the rapid expansion and refinement of associated clinical phenotypes, further autoantibody discoveries, and a more detailed understanding of immunological and neurobiological pathophysiological pathways which mediate these diseases. Increasing awareness around distinctive aspects of their clinical phenotypes has been a key driver in providing clinicians with a better understanding as to how these diseases are best recognized. In clinical practice, this recognition supports the administration of often effective immunotherapies, making these diseases \u2018not to miss\u2019 conditions. In parallel, there is a need to accurately assess patient responses to these drugs, another area of growing interest. Feeding into clinical care are the basic biological underpinnings of the diseases, which offer clear pathways to improved therapies toward enhanced patient outcomes. In this update, we aim to integrate the clinical diagnostic pathway with advances in patient management and biology to provide a\u00a0cohesive view on how to care for these patients in 2023, and the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11685-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T08:03:16Z","timestamp":1682668996000},"page":"4118-4131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Autoimmune encephalitis: recent clinical and biological advances"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"270","author":[{"given":"James A.","family":"Varley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Strippel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Handel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarosh R.","family":"Irani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"11685_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7600-8","volume":"262","author":"J Varley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Varley J, Vincent A, Irani SR (2015) Clinical and experimental studies of potentially pathogenic brain-directed autoantibodies: current knowledge and future directions. 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