{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T10:32:08Z","timestamp":1794047528717,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Risk Research Inc. Montreal","award":["Research Credit Tax"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Credit Tax"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Few studies documented the potential association between vaccination and the risk of central demyelination (CD). Specifically, anti-hepatitis B and anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been the subject of distrust with regard to their implication to trigger CD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From a systematic national registry, patients with first signs of CD (cases) were identified and documented for their exposure to vaccination up to 24\u00a0months before the first signs occurred. This exposure was compared to that of a representative sample of general practice patients without a history of CD, randomly selected from a national registry (referents). CD cases were 2:1 matched on age, sex, index date (ID), and region of residence. Vaccines against influenza, HPV, hepatitis B and diphtheria\u2013tetanus\u2013pertussis\u2013poliomyelitis\u2013haemophilus (DTPPHae) were considered. Associations between vaccination and CD were assessed using multivariate conditional logistic regressions, controlled for confounding factors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>564 CD cases were matched to 1,128 randomly selected referents (age range: 2\u201379\u00a0years old). Overall, 123 (22%) CD cases and 320 (28%) referents had received at least one vaccine within 24\u00a0months before ID. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for any vaccination were 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.54\u20130.88] with respect to any CD first signs, 0.68 [0.51\u20130.90] for myelitis and 0.70 [0.42\u20131.17] for optic neuritis. Adjusted ORs for any CD first signs were 1.02 [0.71\u20131.47] for influenza vaccine (administered in 9.6% of cases and 10.4% of referents) and 0.72 [0.53\u20130.99] for DTPPHae vaccine (administered in 10.8% of cases and 14.5% of referents). Vaccines against hepatitis B and HPV were only administered in 1.1% and 1.2% of cases and in 2.9% and 3.2% of referents respectively, which statistically explained the point estimates\u2009&lt;\u20091 (ORs of 0.39 [0.16\u20130.94] and of 0.32 [0.13\u20130.80]).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>No increased risk of CD incidence was observed amongst vaccinated patients. Lower rates of vaccination against hepatitis B and HPV observed in patients with CD compared to referents may be due to the reluctance of physicians to vaccinate patients considered at risk of CD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11822-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T21:29:35Z","timestamp":1687555775000},"page":"4678-4686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association between vaccination and the risk of central demyelination: results from a case-referent study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"270","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1952-5467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamiae","family":"Grimaldi-Bensouda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Papeix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Hamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Benichou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucien","family":"Abenhaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"11822_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01135.x","volume":"248","author":"L Mayo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mayo L, Quintana FJ, Weiner HL (2012) The innate immune system in demyelinating disease. Immunol Rev 248:170\u2013187","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"11822_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S54131","volume":"8","author":"N Kale","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kale N (2016) Optic neuritis as an early sign of multiple sclerosis. Eye Brain 8:195","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"11822_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1080\/2164551520181528835","volume":"17","author":"C Sestili","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sestili C, Grazina I, la Torre G (2021) HBV vaccine and risk of developing multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccines Immunother 17:2273\u20132278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2164551520181528835","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"11822_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21640","volume":"65","author":"HL Weiner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weiner HL (2009) The challenge of multiple sclerosis: how do we cure a chronic heterogeneous disease? Ann Neurol 65:239\u2013248","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11822_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70267-4","volume":"14","author":"L Belbasis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Belbasis L, Bellou V, Evangelou E, Ioannidis JPA, Tzoulaki I (2015) Environmental risk factors and multiple sclerosis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Lancet Neurol 14:263\u2013273","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11822_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70094-6","volume":"9","author":"SV Ramagopalan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramagopalan SV, Dobson R, Meier UC, Giovannoni G (2010) Multiple sclerosis: risk factors, prodromes, and potential causal pathways. Lancet Neurol 9:727\u2013739","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11822_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AUTREV.2009.11.010","author":"R Milo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Milo R, Kahana E (2010) Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment. Autoimmun Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.AUTREV.2009.11.010","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"11822_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08990","volume":"464","author":"SE Baranzini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baranzini SE, Mudge J, van Velkinburgh JC et al (2010) Genome, epigenome and RNA sequences of monozygotic twins discordant for multiple sclerosis. Nature 464:1351\u20131356","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11822_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2018.02484","author":"M Ghareghani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghareghani M, Reiter RJ, Zibara K, Farhadi N (2018) Latitude, vitamin D, melatonin, and gut microbiota act in concert to initiate multiple sclerosis: a new mechanistic pathway. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2018.02484","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"11822_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320189","volume":"90","author":"S Simpson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simpson S, Wang W, Otahal P, Blizzard L, van der Mei IAF, Taylor BV (2019) Latitude continues to be significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: an updated meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 90:1193\u20131200","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"11822_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.03.014","volume":"14","author":"C Pierrot-Deseilligny","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Souberbielle JC (2017) Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: an update. Mult Scler Relat Disord 14:35\u201345","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"11822_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182752ea8","volume":"79","author":"J Salzer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salzer J, Hallmans G, Nystr\u00f6m M, Stenlund H, Wadell G, Sundstr\u00f6m P (2012) Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 79:2140\u20132145","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11822_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1338OC","volume":"181","author":"C Carlens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carlens C, Hergens MP, Grunewald J et al (2010) Smoking, use of moist snuff, and risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181:1217\u20131222","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"11822_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515609794","volume":"22","author":"AK Hedstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hedstr\u00f6m AK, Olsson T, Alfredsson L (2016) Smoking is a major preventable risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 22:1021\u20131026","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11822_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh471","volume":"128","author":"MA Hern\u00e1n","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n MA, Jick SS, Logroscino G, Olek MJ, Ascherio A, Jick H (2005) Cigarette smoking and the progression of multiple sclerosis. Brain 128:1461\u20131465","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11822_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21117","volume":"61","author":"A Ascherio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ascherio A, Munger KL (2007) Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection. Ann Neurol 61:288\u2013299","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11822_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","volume":"375","author":"K Bjornevik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC et al (2022) Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Science 375:296\u2013301","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11822_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1999.0346","volume":"14","author":"Y Shoenfeld","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shoenfeld Y, Aron-Maor A (2000) Vaccination and autoimmunity \u2018Vaccinosis\u2019: a dangerous liaison? J Autoimmun 14:1\u201310","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"11822_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0491","volume":"16","author":"RT Chen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen RT, Pless R, Destefano F (2001) Epidemiology of autoimmune reactions induced by vaccination. J Autoimmun 16:309\u2013318","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"11822_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2004.11.007","volume":"24","author":"E Piaggio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Piaggio E, ben Younes A, Desbois S et al (2005) Hepatitis B vaccination and central nervous system demyelination: an immunological approach. J Autoimmun 24:33\u201337","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"11822_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-007-8013-6","volume":"34","author":"R Maya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maya R, Gershwin ME, Shoenfeld Y (2008) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and autoimmune disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 34:85\u2013102","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"11822_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2001.01364.x","volume":"51","author":"A Fourrier","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fourrier A, B\u00e9gaud B, Alp\u00e9rovitch A et al (2001) Hepatitis B vaccine and first episodes of central nervous system demyelinating disorders: a comparison between reported and expected number of cases. Br J Clin Pharmacol 51:489\u2013490","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"11822_CR23","unstructured":"Vaccination anti h\u00e9patite B\u202f: MISE A JOUR DES DONNEES ET DES ETUDES DE PHARMACOVIGILANCE-ANSM\u202f: Agence nationale de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du m\u00e9dicament et des produits de sant\u00e9. 2022. https:\/\/archiveansm.integra.fr\/S-informer\/Communiques-Communiques-Points-presse\/Vaccination-anti-hepatite-B-MISE-A-JOUR-DES-DONNEES-ET-DES-ETUDES-DE-PHARMACOVIGILANCE. Accessed 16 Nov 2022"},{"key":"11822_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8263-4","volume":"264","author":"MT Mailand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mailand MT, Frederiksen JL (2017) Vaccines and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. J Neurol 264:1035\u20131050","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"11822_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.036","volume":"36","author":"J Mouchet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mouchet J, Salvo F, Raschi E et al (2018) Hepatitis B vaccination and the putative risk of central demyelinating diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 36:1548\u20131555","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11822_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000059520","volume":"21","author":"E Touz\u00e9","year":"2002","unstructured":"Touz\u00e9 E, Fourrier A, Rue-Fenouche C et al (2002) Hepatitis B vaccination and first central nervous system demyelinating event: a case-control study. Neuroepidemiology 21:180\u2013186","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"11822_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.4.504","volume":"60","author":"F DeStefano","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeStefano F, Verstraeten T, Jackson LA et al (2003) Vaccinations and risk of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults. Arch Neurol 60:504\u2013509","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"11822_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000335762.42177.07","volume":"72","author":"Y Mikaeloff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mikaeloff Y, Caridade G, Suissa S, Tardieu M (2009) Hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood. Neurology 72:873\u2013880","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11822_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.2633","volume":"71","author":"A Langer-Gould","year":"2014","unstructured":"Langer-Gould A, Qian L, Tartof SY et al (2014) Vaccines and the risk of multiple sclerosis and other central nervous system demyelinating diseases. JAMA Neurol 71:1506\u20131513","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"11822_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.06.030","volume":"35","author":"S Miranda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miranda S, Chaignot C, Collin C, Dray-Spira R, Weill A, Zureik M (2017) Human papillomavirus vaccination and risk of autoimmune diseases: a large cohort study of over 2million young girls in France. Vaccine 35:4761\u20134768","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11822_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000138433.61870.82","volume":"63","author":"MA Hern\u00e1n","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n MA, Jick SS, Olek MJ, Jick H (2004) Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study. Neurology 63:838\u2013842","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11822_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500144484","volume":"38","author":"DA Geier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Geier DA, Geier MR (2005) A case-control study of serious autoimmune adverse events following hepatitis B immunization. Autoimmunity 38:295\u2013301","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"11822_CR33","unstructured":"STROBE-Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. 2023. https:\/\/www.strobe-statement.org\/. Accessed 10 Feb 2023"},{"key":"11822_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20703","volume":"58","author":"CH Polman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Polman CH, Reingold SC, Edan G et al (2005) Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the \u2018McDonald Criteria.\u2019 Ann Neurol 58:840\u2013846","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11822_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3401","volume":"22","author":"L Grimaldi-Bensouda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Aubrun E, Leighton P, Benichou J, Rossignol M, Abenhaim L (2013) Agreement between patients\u2019 self-report and medical records for vaccination: the PGRx database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 22:278\u2013285","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"11822_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1952","volume":"19","author":"GB Lamiae","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lamiae GB, Michel R, Elodie A, Nabil EK, Jacques B, Lucien A (2010) Agreement between patients\u2019 self-report and physicians\u2019 prescriptions on cardiovascular drug exposure: the PGRx database experience. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 19:591\u2013595","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"11822_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-5984-2","volume":"258","author":"MF Farez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Farez MF, Correale J (2011) Immunizations and risk of multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 258:1197\u20131206","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 201","key":"11822_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12837","volume":"136","author":"JL Frederiksen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frederiksen JL, Tops\u00f8e MM (2017) Vaccines and multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 136(Suppl 201):49\u201351","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"11822_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E648","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170871","volume":"190","author":"EY Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu EY, Smith LM, Ellis AK et al (2018) Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination in girls and the risk of autoimmune disorders: the Ontario Grade 8 HPV Vaccine Cohort Study. CMAJ 190:E648\u2013E655","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"11822_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/12376","volume":"5","author":"F Zipp","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zipp F, Weil JG, Einhaupl KM (1999) No increase in demyelinating diseases after hepatitis B vaccination. Nat Med 5:964\u2013965","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"11822_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00646-5","volume":"18","author":"A Winkelmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winkelmann A, Loebermann M, Barnett M, Hartung HP, Zettl UK (2022) Vaccination and immunotherapies in neuroimmunological diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 18:289\u2013306","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"11822_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-003-0147-6","volume":"24","author":"M Zorzon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zorzon M, Zivadinov R, Nasuelli D et al (2003) Risk factors of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurol Sci 24:242\u2013247","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"11822_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr072","volume":"174","author":"L Grimaldi-Bensouda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Alp\u00e9rovitch A, Besson G et al (2011) Guillain-Barre syndrome, influenzalike illnesses, and influenza vaccination during seasons with and without circulating A\/H1N1 viruses. Am J Epidemiol 174:326\u2013335","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"11822_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws195","volume":"175","author":"SK Greene","year":"2012","unstructured":"Greene SK, Rett M, Weintraub ES et al (2012) Risk of confirmed Guillain-Barre syndrome following receipt of monovalent inactivated influenza A (H1N1) and seasonal influenza vaccines in the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, 2009\u20132010. Am J Epidemiol 175:1100\u20131109","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"11822_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3638","volume":"23","author":"J Prestel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prestel J, Volkers P, Mentzer D, Lehmann HC, Hartung HP, Keller-Stanislawski B (2014) Risk of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome following pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 vaccination in Germany. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 23:1192","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"11822_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301651","volume":"104","author":"C Vellozzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vellozzi C, Iqbal S, Stewart B, Tokars J, DeStefano F (2014) Cumulative risk of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome among vaccinated and unvaccinated populations during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Am J Public Health 104:696","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"11822_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.01.005","volume":"79","author":"L Grimaldi-Bensouda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Rossignol M, Kon\u00e9-Paut I et al (2017) Risk of autoimmune diseases and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines: six years of case-referent surveillance. J Autoimmun 79:84\u201390","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"11822_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.08.106","volume":"29","author":"J Gee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gee J, Naleway A, Shui I et al (2011) Monitoring the safety of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: findings from the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Vaccine 29:8279\u20138284","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11822_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.F5906","author":"L Arnheim-Dahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arnheim-Dahlstr\u00f6m L, Pasternak B, Svanstr\u00f6m H, Spar\u00e9n P, Hviid A (2013) Autoimmune, neurological, and venous thromboembolic adverse events after immunisation of adolescent girls with quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in Denmark and Sweden: cohort study. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJ.F5906","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"11822_CR50","first-page":"472","volume":"52","author":"M Josefa \u00c1lvarez-Soria","year":"2011","unstructured":"Josefa \u00c1lvarez-Soria M, Hern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez A, de Le\u00f3n SCG, \u00c1ngeles del Real-Francia M, Jos\u00e9 Gallardo-Alca\u00f1iz M, L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez JL (2011) Demyelinating disease and vaccination of the human papillomavirus. Rev Neurol 52:472\u2013476","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"11822_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508096868","volume":"15","author":"I Sutton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sutton I, Lahoria R, Tan IL, Clouston P, Barnett MH (2009) CNS demyelination and quadrivalent HPV vaccination. Mult Scler 15:116\u2013119","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11822_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.10.003","volume":"13","author":"D Karussis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karussis D, Petrou P (2014) The spectrum of post-vaccination inflammatory CNS demyelinating syndromes. Autoimmun Rev 13:215\u2013224","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"11822_CR53","unstructured":"Les consultations et visites des m\u00e9decins g\u00e9n\u00e9ralistes-Un essai de typologie | Direction de la recherche, des \u00e9tudes, de l\u2019\u00e9valuation et des statistiques. 2022. https:\/\/drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr\/publications\/etudes-et-resultats\/les-consultations-et-visites-des-medecins-generalistes-un-essai-de. Accessed 16 Nov 2022"},{"key":"11822_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92034-Y","volume":"338","author":"L Herroelen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Herroelen L, de Keyser J, Ebinger G (1991) Central-nervous-system demyelination after immunisation with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 338:1174\u20131175","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"11822_CR55","first-page":"115","volume":"304","author":"F Denis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Denis F, Levy-Bruhl D (2006) Mass vaccination against hepatitis B: the French example. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 304:115\u2013129","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"11822_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6716-y","volume":"260","author":"V Mart\u00ednez-Sern\u00e1ndez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Sern\u00e1ndez V, Figueiras A (2013) Central nervous system demyelinating diseases and recombinant hepatitis B vaccination: a critical systematic review of scientific production. J Neurol 260:1951\u20131959","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11822-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11822-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11822-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T04:04:50Z","timestamp":1695182690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11822-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["11822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11822-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"LG-B was the recipient of a research fellowship from INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research) at the time of the study and was employed by LA-SER, the company conducting the study. CP is a member of the board for Bayer Schering Pharma, Novartis, Roche, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd and Sanofi-Genzyme Bio Ventures; she has also received payment for lectures and participation in speakers\u2019 bureaus from Bayer Schering Pharma, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Merck Serono SA, Biogen Idec and Genzyme. YH was employed by LA-SER, the company conducting the study. JB was a consultant for LA-SER. LA was a stock-holder and chairman of LA-SER and Centre for Risk Research Inc., an independent research organisation that owns and develops the PGRx database. LA-SER and Centre for Risk Research Inc. have no commercial interests in any of the products investigated in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"All steps performed in our study (data collection and interviews) were in accordance with the ethical standards of the national research committee, with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments and with the national data protection office requirements.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standard statement"}}]}}