{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:22:02Z","timestamp":1784719322231,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691884800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Research Project, China","award":["2018B030337001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030337001"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Research Project, China","award":["2022A1515110993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515110993"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research of Shenzhen Science and Technology Project, China","award":["JCYJ20210324115008022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115008022"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research of Shenzhen Science and Technology Project, China","award":["JCYJ20220530144211024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530144211024"]}]},{"name":"Health Public Welfare Scientific Research Projects of Futian, China","award":["FTWS2021069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FTWS2021069"]}]},{"name":"Health Public Welfare Scientific Research Projects of Futian, China","award":["FTWS2022010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FTWS2022010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To investigate the clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of COVID-19-associated central nervous system (CNS) complications.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this single-centre observation study, we recruited patients with COVID-19-associated CNS complications at the neurology inpatient department of the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University (Futian, Shenzhen) from Dec 2022 to Feb 2023. Patients were analysed for demographics, clinical manifestations, cerebrospinal fluid properties, electroencephalographic features, neuroimaging characteristics, and treatment outcome. All patients were followed-up at 1 and 2\u00a0months after discharge until Apr 2023.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of the 12 patients with COVID-19-associated CNS complications, the CNS symptoms occur between 0\u00a0days and 4\u00a0weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most common CNS symptoms were memory deficits (4\/12, 33%), Unresponsiveness (4\/12, 33%), mental and behavioural disorders (4\/12, 33%). Seven of 12 cases can be categorized as probable SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis, and 5 cases can be described as brainstem encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis or tremor probably associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Six patients received antiviral therapy, and 11 patients received glucocorticoid therapy, of which 3 patients received human immunoglobulin synchronously. Nine patients recovered well, two patients had residual neurological dysfunction, and one patient passed away from complications associated with tumor.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this observational study, we found that the inflammatory or immune-related complications were relatively common manifestations of COVID-19-associated CNS complications, including different phenotypes of encephalitis and CNS inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Most patients recovered well, but a few patients had significant neurological dysfunctions remaining.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11912-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T14:01:46Z","timestamp":1691935306000},"page":"4617-4631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Central nervous system complications in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"270","author":[{"given":"Zhonggui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaixun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enxiang","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"11912_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, China Novel Coronavirus I, Research T (2020) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382:727\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"11912_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v91i1.9397","volume":"91","author":"D Cucinotta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cucinotta D, Vanelli M (2020) WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed 91:157\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23750\/abm.v91i1.9397","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"11912_CR3","unstructured":"WHO (2020) WHO Director-General\u2019s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19\u201411 March 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020"},{"key":"11912_CR4","unstructured":"WHO (2023) Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19\u201430 March 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---30-march-2023"},{"key":"11912_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105921","volume":"194","author":"V Montalvan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montalvan V, Lee J, Bueso T, De Toledo J, Rivas K (2020) Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and other coronavirus infections: a systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 194:105921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105921","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"11912_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.13","volume":"1","author":"H Ding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ding H, Yin S, Cheng Y, Cai Y, Huang W, Deng W (2020) Neurologic manifestations of nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. MedComm 1:253\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.13","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"11912_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","volume":"77","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Miao X, Li Y, Hu B (2020) Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol 77:683\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207534","author":"S Beretta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beretta S, Cristillo V, Camera G, Morotti Colleoni C, Pellitteri G, Viti B, Bianchi E, Gipponi S, Grimoldi M, Valente M, Guttmann S, Cotelli MS, Palumbo P, Gelosa G, Meletti S, Schenone C, Ottaviani D, Filippi M, Zini A, Basilico P, Tancredi L, Cortelli P, Braga M, De Giuli V, Servidei S, Paolicelli D, Verde F, Caproni S, Pisani A, Lo Re V, Massacesi L, Roccatagliata DV, Manganotti P, Spitaleri DLA, Formenti A, Piccoli M, Marino S, Polverino P, Aguglia U, Ornello R, Perego E, Siciliano G, Merlo P, Capobianco M, Pantoni L, Lugaresi A, Angelocola S, De Rosa A, Sessa M, Beghi E, Agostoni EC, Monaco S, Padovani A, Priori A, Silani V, Tedeschi G, Ferrarese C, for Neuro CI (2023) Incidence and long-term functional outcome of neurologic disorders in hospitalized COVID-19 patients infected with pre-omicron variants. Neurology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207534","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11912_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000347","volume":"26","author":"M Meshref","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meshref M, Hewila IM, Abdel Mageed S, Morra ME (2021) COVID-19 associated with encephalitis: case report and review of literature. Neurologist 26:268\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000347","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"11912_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","volume":"94","author":"T Moriguchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, Ueno M, Sakata H, Kondo K, Myose N, Nakao A, Takeda M, Haro H, Inoue O, Suzuki-Inoue K, Kubokawa K, Ogihara S, Sasaki T, Kinouchi H, Kojin H, Ito M, Onishi H, Shimizu T, Sasaki Y, Enomoto N, Ishihara H, Furuya S, Yamamoto T, Shimada S (2020) A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis 94:55\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"11912_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162575","author":"MA Islam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Islam MA, Cavestro C, Alam SS, Kundu S, Kamal MA, Reza F (2022) Encephalitis in patients with COVID-19: a systematic evidence-based analysis. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11162575","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"11912_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.32297","volume":"14","author":"R Borra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borra R, Patel NT, Shaikh R, Parmar MS, Borra S (2022) A Case of transverse myelitis secondary to COVID-19 infection. Cureus 14:e32297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.32297","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"11912_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09934-w","volume":"267","author":"M Munz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Munz M, Wessendorf S, Koretsis G, Tewald F, Baegi R, Kramer S, Geissler M, Reinhard M (2020) Acute transverse myelitis after COVID-19 pneumonia. J Neurol 267:2196\u20132197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-09934-w","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099458","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1099458","volume":"14","author":"F Cautilli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cautilli F, Feleppa M, Valeriani M, Papetti L, Monte G, Midulla F, Spalice A (2023) Case report: a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric patients. Front Neurol 14:1099458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1099458","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2020-000431","volume":"5","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Li M, Wang M, Zhou Y, Chang J, Xian Y, Wang D, Mao L, Jin H, Hu B (2020) Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19: a single center, retrospective, observational study. Stroke Vasc Neurol 5:279\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/svn-2020-000431","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.024","volume":"191","author":"C Lodigiani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lodigiani C, Iapichino G, Carenzo L, Cecconi M, Ferrazzi P, Sebastian T, Kucher N, Studt JD, Sacco C, Bertuzzi A, Sandri MT, Barco S, Humanitas C-TF (2020) Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy. Thromb Res 191:9\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.024","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"11912_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00782","volume":"20","author":"S Sohal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sohal S, Mansur M (2020) COVID-19 Presenting with Seizures. IDCases 20:e00782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00782","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"11912_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0116","volume":"32","author":"N Hosseini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hosseini N, Nadjafi S, Ashtary B (2021) Overview of COVID-19 and neurological complications. Rev Neurosci 32:671\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0116","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"11912_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10406-y","volume":"268","author":"BN Harapan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harapan BN, Yoo HJ (2021) Neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). J Neurol 268:3059\u20133071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10406-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010014","volume":"12","author":"M Desforges","year":"2019","unstructured":"Desforges M, Coupanec AL, Dubeau P, Bourgouin A, Talbot PJ (2019) Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system? Viruses 12:14","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"11912_CR21","first-page":"118","volume":"59","author":"R Channappanavar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Channappanavar R, Zhao J, Perlman S (2014) T cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses. Immunol Res Sel Ref Curr Res Pract 59:118\u2013128","journal-title":"Immunol Res Sel Ref Curr Res Pract"},{"key":"11912_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14630-2","volume":"362","author":"NS Zhong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhong NS, Zheng BJ, Li YM, Poon XZH, Chan KH, Li PH, Tan SY, Chang Q, Xie JP (2003) Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People\u2019s Republic of China, in February, 2003. Lancet 362:1353\u20131358","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"11912_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","volume":"367","author":"AM Zaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zaki AM, Boheemen SV, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus A, Fouchier R (2012) Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 367:1814","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"11912_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","volume":"395","author":"A Prl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prl A, Xiang Z, Jl B, Pn A, Bo Y, Hw D, Pww A, Hao SE, Bh A, Na ZA (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395:565\u2013574","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"11912_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Mclellan JS (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV Spike in the prefusion conformation. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.11.944462"},{"key":"11912_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","volume":"203","author":"I Hamming","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H (2004) Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 203:631\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1570","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"11912_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.573095","volume":"11","author":"R Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen R, Wang K, Yu J, Howard D, French L, Chen Z, Wen C, Xu Z (2020) The spatial and cell-type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the human and mouse brains. Front Neurol 11:573095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.573095","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0308-3","volume":"20","author":"X Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao X (2020) COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nat Rev Immunol 20:269\u2013270","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"11912_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01896-0","volume":"17","author":"S Najjar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Najjar S, Najjar A, Chong DJ, Pramanik BK, Kirsch C, Kuzniecky RI, Pacia SV, Azhar S (2020) Central nervous system complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: integrative concepts of pathophysiology and case reports. J Neuroinflamm 17:231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-020-01896-0","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"11912_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102857","volume":"50","author":"J Peters","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peters J, Alhasan S, Vogels CBF, Grubaugh ND, Farhadian S, Longbrake EE (2021) MOG-associated encephalitis following SARS-COV-2 infection. Mult Scler Relat Disord 50:102857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102857","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"11912_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25783","volume":"88","author":"A Pilotto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pilotto A, Odolini S, Masciocchi S, Comelli A, Volonghi I, Gazzina S, Nocivelli S, Pezzini A, Foca E, Caruso A, Leonardi M, Pasolini MP, Gasparotti R, Castelli F, Ashton NJ, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Padovani A (2020) Steroid-responsive encephalitis in coronavirus disease 2019. Ann Neurol 88:423\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25783","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05670-9","volume":"43","author":"L Urso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Urso L, Distefano MG, Cambula G, Colomba AI, Nuzzo D, Picone P, Giacomazza D, Sicurella L (2022) The case of encephalitis in a COVID-19 pediatric patient. Neurol Sci 43:105\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05670-9","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"11912_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neo PM, Gassan S, Daniel N, Michael S, Suresh PM, Brent G (2020) COVID-19-associated Acute Hemorrhagic Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Imaging Features. Radiology 296:E119-E120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187"},{"key":"11912_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.600544","volume":"11","author":"T Wijeratne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wijeratne T, Wijeratne C, Karimi L, Sales C, Crewther SG (2020) Case Report: posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES) as a biologically predictable neurological association in severe COVID-19. First Reported Case From Australia and Review of Internationally Published Cases. Front Neurol 11:600544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.600544","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003130","volume":"40","author":"B Korkmazer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korkmazer B, Ozogul M, Hikmat E, Kilic H, Aygun F, Arslan S, Kizilkilic O, Kocer N (2021) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a pediatric COVID-19 patient. Pediatr Infect Dis J 40:e240\u2013e242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0000000000003130","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"11912_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6595","volume":"41","author":"AM Franceschi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Franceschi AM, Ahmed O, Giliberto L, Castillo M (2020) Hemorrhagic posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome as a manifestation of COVID-19 infection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 41:1173\u20131176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A6595","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"11912_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721221136319","author":"M Gilardi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gilardi M, Cortese A, Ferraro E, Rispoli M, Sadun R, Altavista MC, Sadun F (2022) MOG-IgG positive optic neuritis after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11206721221136319","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"11912_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232470962097601","DOI":"10.1177\/2324709620976018","volume":"8","author":"K Sawalha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sawalha K, Adeodokun S, Kamoga GR (2020) COVID-19-Induced acute bilateral optic neuritis. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 8:2324709620976018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2324709620976018","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"11912_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0","volume":"19","author":"MA Ellul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Michael BD, Easton A, Kneen R, Defres S, Sejvar J, Solomon T (2020) Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol 19:767\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit458","volume":"57","author":"A Venkatesan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Venkatesan A, Tunkel AR, Bloch KC, Lauring AS, Sejvar J, Bitnun A, Stahl JP, Mailles A, Drebot M, Rupprecht CE, Yoder J, Cope JR, Wilson MR, Whitley RJ, Sullivan J, Granerod J, Jones C, Eastwood K, Ward KN, Durrheim DN, Solbrig MV, Guo-Dong L, Glaser CA, International Encephalitis C (2013) Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium. Clin Infect Dis 57:1114\u20131128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cit458","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"11912_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1086\/589747","volume":"47","author":"AR Tunkel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, Sejvar JJ, Marra CM, Roos KL, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Infectious Diseases Society of A (2008) The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 47:303\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/589747","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"11912_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70222-X","volume":"10","author":"J Granerod","year":"2010","unstructured":"Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, Clewley JP, Walsh AL, Morgan D, Cunningham R, Zuckerman M, Mutton KJ, Solomon T, Ward KN, Lunn MP, Irani SR, Vincent A, Brown DW, Crowcroft NS, Group UKHPAAoES (2010) Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis 10:835\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70222-X","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"11912_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.13165","volume":"37","author":"JM Reyes-Ruiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reyes-Ruiz JM, Manrique-Calvillo C, Martinez-Mier G, Servin-Monroy AO, Mota-Garcia G, F DEML-M, Villegas-Del AE, Zarate-Segura P, Bastida-Gonzalez F, Del Angel RM (2023) Encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a child with Chiari malformation type I. In Vivo 37:933\u2013939","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"11912_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psycom.2021.100004","volume":"1","author":"M Orsini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orsini M, de Gobbi PFH, do Nascimento JF, (2021) Neuropsychiatric presentation of COVID-19-related encephalitis: case report. Psychiatry Res Commun 1:100004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psycom.2021.100004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Commun"},{"key":"11912_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25915","volume":"92","author":"A Paniz-Mondolfi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paniz-Mondolfi A, Bryce C, Grimes Z, Gordon RE, Reidy J, Lednicky J, Sordillo EM, Fowkes M (2020) Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Med Virol 92:699\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25915","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"11912_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","volume":"15","author":"F Graus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, Benseler S, Bien CG, Cellucci T, Cortese I, Dale RC, Gelfand JM, Geschwind M, Glaser CA, Honnorat J, Hoftberger R, Iizuka T, Irani SR, Lancaster E, Leypoldt F, Pruss H, Rae-Grant A, Reindl M, Rosenfeld MR, Rostasy K, Saiz A, Venkatesan A, Vincent A, Wandinger KP, Waters P, Dalmau J (2016) A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 15:391\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.578007","volume":"374","author":"MC Shamier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shamier MC, Crijnen YS, Bogers S, JW IJ, de Vries JM, van der Jagt M, Spoor JKH, von der Thusen JH, Schreurs MWJ, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Titulaer MJ, (2023) Brain stem encephalitis is a rare complication of COVID-19. J Neuroimmunol 374:578007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.578007","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"11912_CR48","unstructured":"Sun Q, Liu W, Wang L (2010) Clinical and imaging features of brainstem encephalitis. J Clin Neurol 23:267\u2013269"},{"key":"11912_CR49","unstructured":"Zhu L, Cai Z, Sun J, Qian K (2000) Clinical analysis of 21 cases of brain stem encephalitis. Clinical Medicine of China 16:578\u2013579"},{"key":"11912_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang X (2019) Autoimmune encephalitis co-existing with central nervous system idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases. J Neurol Neurorehabil 15:42\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12022\/jnnr.2018-0098","DOI":"10.12022\/jnnr.2018-0098"},{"key":"11912_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.970383","volume":"13","author":"I Lotan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lotan I, Nishiyama S, Manzano GS, Lydston M, Levy M (2022) COVID-19 and the risk of CNS demyelinating diseases: a systematic review. Front Neurol 13:970383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.970383","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.19036","volume":"13","author":"S Sarwar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarwar S, Rogers S, Mohamed AS, Ogula E, Ayantayo RA, Ahmed A, Shahzadi I, Kataria S, Singh R (2021) Multiple sclerosis following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: a case report and literature review. Cureus 13:e19036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.19036","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"11912_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2020.100299","volume":"22","author":"L Moore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moore L, Ghannam M, Manousakis G (2021) A first presentation of multiple sclerosis with concurrent COVID-19 infection. eNeurologicalSci 22:100299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ensci.2020.100299","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"11912_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siwei ZM, Edward CJ-L, Deepak JS, Christina JAM, Vivek RP (2020) Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody\u2014associated optic neuritis and myelitis in COVID-19. J Neuroophthalmol 40:398\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001049","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001049"},{"key":"11912_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10752-x","volume":"269","author":"II Ismail","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ismail II, Salama S (2022) Association of CNS demyelination and COVID-19 infection: an updated systematic review. J Neurol 269:541\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10752-x","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519895236","volume":"26","author":"K Fujihara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujihara K (2020) MOG-antibody-associated disease is different from MS and NMOSD and should be classified as a distinct disease entity\u2014commentary. Mult Scler 26:276\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458519895236","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11912_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0112-x","volume":"15","author":"M Reindl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reindl M, Waters P (2019) Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in neurological disease. Nat Rev Neurol 15:89\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-018-0112-x","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151682","volume":"51","author":"GJ Nuovo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nuovo GJ, Magro C, Shaffer T, Awad H, Suster D, Mikhail S, He B, Michaille JJ, Liechty B, Tili E (2021) Endothelial cell damage is the central part of COVID-19 and a mouse model induced by injection of the S1 subunit of the spike protein. Ann Diagn Pathol 51:151682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151682","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"11912_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.15.150912","author":"TP Buzhdygan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buzhdygan TP, DeOre BJ, Baldwin-Leclair A, McGary H, Razmpour R, Galie PA, Potula R, Andrews AM, Ramirez SH (2020) The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alters barrier function in 2D static and 3D microfluidic in vitro models of the human blood\u2013brain barrier. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.06.15.150912","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"11912_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151645","volume":"50","author":"CM Magro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magro CM, Mulvey J, Kubiak J, Mikhail S, Suster D, Crowson AN, Laurence J, Nuovo G (2021) Severe COVID-19: A multifaceted viral vasculopathy syndrome. Ann Diagn Pathol 50:151645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151645","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"11912_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628641876208","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418762083","volume":"11","author":"MS Weber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weber MS, Derfuss T, Metz I, Bruck W (2018) Defining distinct features of anti-MOG antibody associated central nervous system demyelination. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 11:1756286418762083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756286418762083","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"11912_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028936","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lassmann H (2018) Multiple sclerosis pathology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a028936","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"11912_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70256-X","volume":"14","author":"DH Mahad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mahad DH, Trapp BD, Lassmann H (2015) Pathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 14:183\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70256-X","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00064.x","volume":"17","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lassmann H, Bruck W, Lucchinetti CF (2007) The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview. Brain Pathol 17:210\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00064.x","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"11912_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.09.016","volume":"74","author":"JI Alvarez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alvarez JI, Saint-Laurent O, Godschalk A, Terouz S, Briels C, Larouche S, Bourbonniere L, Larochelle C, Prat A (2015) Focal disturbances in the blood-brain barrier are associated with formation of neuroinflammatory lesions. Neurobiol Dis 74:14\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.09.016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"11912_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6682251","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6682251","volume":"2020","author":"F Yavari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yavari F, Raji S, Moradi F, Saeidi M (2020) Demyelinating changes alike to multiple sclerosis: a case report of rare manifestations of COVID-19. Case Rep Neurol Med 2020:6682251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/6682251","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"key":"11912_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102377","volume":"45","author":"M Palao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palao M, Fernandez-Diaz E, Gracia-Gil J, Romero-Sanchez CM, Diaz-Maroto I, Segura T (2020) Multiple sclerosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mult Scler Relat Disord 45:102377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102377","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"11912_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04374-x","volume":"162","author":"L Zanin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zanin L, Saraceno G, Panciani PP, Renisi G, Signorini L, Migliorati K, Fontanella MM (2020) SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 162:1491\u20131494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-020-04374-x","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"11912_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2020.06.005","volume":"35","author":"AM Diezma-Mart\u00edn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diezma-Mart\u00edn AM, Garc\u00eda-Alvarado N, Bermejo AV, L\u00f3pez-Ariztegui N, Sep\u00falveda Berrocal MA (2020) Tremor and ataxia in COVID-19. Neurologia 35:409\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nrl.2020.06.005","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"11912_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26288","volume":"42","author":"V Dell'Era","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Era V, Farri F, Garzaro G, Gatto M, Aluffi Valletti P, Garzaro M (2020) Smell and taste disorders during COVID-19 outbreak: cross-sectional study on 355 patients. Head Neck 42:1591\u20131596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.26288","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"11912_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20160","volume":"56","author":"MM Ponsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ponsen MM, Stoffers D, Booij J, van Eck-Smit BLF, Wolters EC, Berendse HW (2004) Idiopathic hyposmia as a preclinical sign of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 56:173\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.20160","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11912_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-00123-0","author":"D Sulzer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sulzer D, Antonini A, Leta V, Nordvig A, Smeyne RJ, Goldman JE, Al-Dalahmah O, Zecca L, Sette A, Bubacco L, Meucci O, Moro E, Harms AS, Xu Y, Fahn S, Ray Chaudhuri K (2020) COVID-19 and possible links with Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: from bench to bedside. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-020-00123-0","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11912-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11912-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11912-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T04:08:29Z","timestamp":1695182909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11912-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["11912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11912-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University (No. 2023-020-01).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statements"}},{"value":"All patients signed written informed consent respectively.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}