{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:25:25Z","timestamp":1790900725468,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS098494-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS098494-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS098494-03S1A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS098494-03S1A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 GM122734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 GM122734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10 OD025313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10 OD025313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 NS118169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 NS118169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-14-2-0151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-14-2-0151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain age is increasingly being applied to the spectrum of brain injury to define neuropathological changes in conjunction with blood-based biomarkers. However, data from the acute\/sub-acute stages of concussion are lacking, especially among younger cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Predicted brain age differences were independently calculated in large, prospectively recruited cohorts of pediatric concussion and matched healthy controls (total<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009446), as well as collegiate athletes with sport-related concussion and matched non-contact sport controls (total<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009184). Effects of repetitive head injury (i.e., exposure) were examined in a separate cohort of contact sport athletes (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200982), as well as by quantifying concussion history through semi-structured interviews and years of contact sport participation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings of increased brain age during acute and sub-acute concussion were independently replicated across both cohorts, with stronger evidence of recovery for pediatric (4\u00a0months) relative to concussed athletes (6\u00a0months). Mixed evidence existed for effects of repetitive head injury, as brain age was increased in contact sport athletes, but was not associated with concussion history or years of contact sport exposure. There was no difference in brain age between concussed and contact sport athletes. Total tau decreased immediately (~\u20091.5\u00a0days) post-concussion relative to the non-contact group, whereas pro-inflammatory markers were increased in both concussed and contact sport athletes. Anti-inflammatory markers were inversely related to brain age, whereas markers of axonal injury (neurofilament light) exhibited a trend positive association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current and previous findings collectively suggest that the chronicity of brain age differences may be mediated by age at injury (adults\u2009&gt;\u2009children), with preliminary findings suggesting that exposure to contact sports may also increase brain age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11931-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T14:02:38Z","timestamp":1692367358000},"page":"5835-5848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Increased brain age and relationships with blood-based biomarkers following concussion in younger populations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"270","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2396-5609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy B.","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef M.","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Dodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cidney R.","family":"Robertson-Benta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harm J.","family":"Van der Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Broglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"11931_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317557","volume":"90","author":"NS Graham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graham NS, Sharp DJ (2019) Understanding neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury: from mechanisms to clinical trials in dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 90:1221\u20131233","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"11931_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0449","volume":"39","author":"BL Brett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brett BL, Walton SR, Meier TB, Nencka AS, Powell JR, Giovanello KS, Guskiewicz KM, McCrea MA (2022) Head impact exposure, gray matter volume, and moderating effects of estimated intelligence quotient and educational attainment in former athletes at midlife. J Neurotrauma 39:497\u2013507","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"11931_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700049588","volume":"3","author":"JA Corsellis","year":"1973","unstructured":"Corsellis JA, Bruton CJ, Freeman-Browne D (1973) The aftermath of boxing. Psychol Med 3:270\u2013303","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"11931_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.2403","volume":"78","author":"ER Russell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Russell ER, Mackay DF, Stewart K, MacLean JA, Pell JP, Stewart W (2021) Association of field position and career length with risk of neurodegenerative disease in male former professional soccer players. JAMA Neurol 78:1057\u20131063","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"11931_CR5","first-page":"969","volume":"51","author":"G Manley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manley G, Gardner AJ, Schneider KJ, Guskiewicz KM, Bailes J, Cantu RC, Castellani RJ, Turner M, Jordan BD, Randolph C, Dvorak J, Hayden KA, Tator CH, McCrory P, Iverson GL (2017) A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion. BrJSports Med 51:969\u2013977","journal-title":"BrJSports Med"},{"key":"11931_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx354","volume":"141","author":"JH Cole","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cole JH, Jolly A, de Simoni S, Bourke N, Patel MC, Scott G, Sharp DJ (2018) Spatial patterns of progressive brain volume loss after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury. Brain 141:822\u2013836","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11931_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-02148-2","volume":"47","author":"TC Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris TC, de Rooij R, Kuhl E (2019) The shrinking brain: cerebral atrophy following traumatic brain injury. Ann Biomed Eng 47:1941\u20131959","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"11931_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9442-0","volume":"10","author":"IK Koerte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koerte IK, Mayinger M, Muehlmann M, Kaufmann D, Lin AP, Steffinger D, Fisch B, Rauchmann BS, Immler S, Karch S, Heinen FR, Ertl-Wagner B, Reiser M, Stern RA, Zafonte R, Shenton ME (2016) Cortical thinning in former professional soccer players. Brain Imaging Behav 10:792\u2013798","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"11931_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3919","volume":"33","author":"TB Meier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meier TB, Bellgowan PS, Bergamino M, Ling JM, Mayer AR (2015) Thinner cortex in collegiate football players with, but not without, a self-reported history of concussion. J Neurotrauma 33:330\u2013338","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"11931_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19771","volume":"3","author":"M McCrea","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCrea M, Broglio SP, McAllister TW, Gill J, Giza CC, Huber DL, Harezlak J, Cameron KL, Houston MN, McGinty G, Jackson JC, Guskiewicz K, Mihalik J, Brooks MA, Duma S, Rowson S, Nelson LD, Pasquina P, Meier TB, Investigators CC, Foroud T, Katz BP, Saykin AJ, Campbell DE, Svoboda SJ, Goldman J, DiFiori J (2020) Association of blood biomarkers with acute sport-related concussion in collegiate athletes: findings from the NCAA and department of defense CARE consortium. JAMA Netw Open 3:e1919771","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"11931_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25725","volume":"87","author":"TB Meier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meier TB, Huber DL, Bohorquez-Montoya L, Nitta ME, Savitz J, Teague TK, Bazarian JJ, Hayes RL, Nelson LD, McCrea MA (2020) A prospective study of acute blood-based biomarkers for sport-related concussion. Ann Neurol 87:907\u2013920","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11931_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e623","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009985","volume":"95","author":"P Shahim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahim P, Politis A, van der Merwe A, Moore B, Ekanayake V, Lippa SM, Chou YY, Pham DL, Butman JA, Diaz-Arrastia R, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Gill JM, Brody DL, Chan L (2020) Time course and diagnostic utility of NfL, tau, GFAP, and UCH-L1 in subacute and chronic TBI. Neurology 95:e623\u2013e636","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11931_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.005","volume":"50","author":"K Franke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Franke K, Ziegler G, Kloppel S, Gaser C (2010) Estimating the age of healthy subjects from T1-weighted MRI scans using kernel methods: exploring the influence of various parameters. Neuroimage 50:883\u2013892","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"11931_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00789","volume":"10","author":"K Franke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Franke K, Gaser C (2019) Ten years of BrainAGE as a neuroimaging biomarker of brain aging: what insights have we gained? Front Neurol 10:789","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"11931_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24367","volume":"77","author":"JH Cole","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cole JH, Leech R, Sharp DJ (2015) Prediction of brain age suggests accelerated atrophy after traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol 77:571\u2013581","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"11931_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21213","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902376116","volume":"116","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang J, Knol MJ, Tiulpin A, Dubost F, de Bruijne M, Vernooij MW, Adams HHH, Ikram MA, Niessen WJ, Roshchupkin GV (2019) Gray matter age prediction as a biomarker for risk of dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:21213\u201321218","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"11931_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.62","volume":"23","author":"JH Cole","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cole JH, Ritchie SJ, Bastin ME, Valdes Hernandez MC, Munoz MS, Royle N, Corley J, Pattie A, Harris SE, Zhang Q, Wray NR, Redmond P, Marioni RE, Starr JM, Cox SR, Wardlaw JM, Sharp DJ, Deary IJ (2018) Brain age predicts mortality. Mol Psychiatry 23:1385\u20131392","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"11931_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.10.001","volume":"40","author":"JH Cole","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cole JH, Franke K (2017) Predicting age using neuroimaging: innovative brain ageing biomarkers. trends Neurosci 40:681\u2013690","journal-title":"trends Neurosci"},{"key":"11931_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg9922","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg9922","volume":"13","author":"NSN Graham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graham NSN, Zimmerman KA, Moro F, Heslegrave A, Maillard SA, Bernini A, Miroz JP, Donat CK, Lopez MY, Bourke N, Jolly AE, Mallas EJ, Soreq E, Wilson MH, Fatania G, Roi D, Patel MC, Garbero E, Nattino G, Baciu C, Fainardi E, Chieregato A, Gradisek P, Magnoni S, Oddo M, Zetterberg H, Bertolini G, Sharp DJ (2021) Axonal marker neurofilament light predicts long-term outcomes and progressive neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury. Sci Transl Med 13:eabg9922","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"11931_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac126","volume":"145","author":"VFJ Newcombe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Newcombe VFJ, Ashton NJ, Posti JP, Glocker B, Manktelow A, Chatfield DA, Winzeck S, Needham E, Correia MM, Williams GB, Simren J, Takala RSK, Katila AJ, Maanpaa HR, Tallus J, Frantzen J, Blennow K, Tenovuo O, Zetterberg H, Menon DK (2022) Post-acute blood biomarkers and disease progression in traumatic brain injury. Brain 145:2064\u20132076","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11931_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103039","volume":"35","author":"G Spitz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spitz G, Hicks AJ, Roberts C, Rowe CC, Ponsford J (2022) Brain age in chronic traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage Clin 35:103039","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"11931_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7551","volume":"38","author":"S Gan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gan S, Shi W, Wang S, Sun Y, Yin B, Bai G, Jia X, Sun C, Niu X, Wang Z, Jiang X, Liu J, Zhang M, Bai L (2021) Accelerated brain aging in mild traumatic brain injury: longitudinal pattern recognition with white matter integrity. J Neurotrauma 38:2549\u20132559","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"11931_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00597-1","volume":"44","author":"A Amgalan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amgalan A, Maher AS, Ghosh S, Chui HC, Bogdan P, Irimia A (2022) Brain age estimation reveals older adults\u2019 accelerated senescence after traumatic brain injury. Geroscience 44:2509\u20132525","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"11931_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2022.2033844","volume":"36","author":"EL Dennis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dennis EL, Taylor BA, Newsome MR, Troyanskaya M, Abildskov TJ, Betts AM, Bigler ED, Cole J, Davenport N, Duncan T, Gill J, Guedes V, Hinds SR, Hovenden ES, Kenney K, Pugh MJ, Scheibel RS, Shahim PP, Shih R, Walker WC, Werner JK, York GE, Cifu DX, Tate DF, Wilde EA (2022) Advanced brain age in deployment-related traumatic brain injury: a LIMBIC-CENC neuroimaging study. Brain Inj 36:662\u2013672","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"11931_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004214","volume":"89","author":"AR Mayer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayer AR, Quinn DK, Master CL (2017) The spectrum of mild traumatic brain injury: a review. Neurology 89:623\u2013632","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11931_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa160","volume":"143","author":"VM Bashyam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bashyam VM, Erus G, Doshi J, Habes M, Nasrallah I, Truelove-Hill M, Srinivasan D, Mamourian L, Pomponio R, Fan Y, Launer LJ, Masters CL, Maruff P, Zhuo C, Volzke H, Johnson SC, Fripp J, Koutsouleris N, Satterthwaite TD, Wolf D, Gur RE, Gur RC, Morris J, Albert MS, Grabe HJ, Resnick S, Bryan RN, Wolk DA, Shou H, Davatzikos C (2020) MRI signatures of brain age and disease over the lifespan based on a deep brain network and 14 468 individuals worldwide. Brain 143:2312\u20132324","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11931_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.075","volume":"197","author":"J Haarbauer-Krupa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haarbauer-Krupa J, Arbogast KB, Metzger KB, Greenspan AI, Kessler R, Curry AE, Bell JM, DePadilla L, Pfeiffer MR, Zonfrillo MR, Master CL (2018) Variations in mechanisms of injury for children with concussion. J Pediatr 197:241\u2013248","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"11931_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0080","volume":"121","author":"SG Rice","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rice SG (2008) Medical conditions affecting sports participation. Pediatrics 121:841\u2013848","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"11931_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e241","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008488","volume":"94","author":"AR Mayer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayer AR, Cohen DM, Wertz CJ, Dodd AB, Shoemaker J, Pluto C, Zumberge NA, Park G, Bangert BA, Lin C, Minich NM, Bacevice AM, Bigler ED, Campbell RA, Hanlon FM, Meier TB, Oglesbee SJ, Phillips JP, Pottenger A, Shaff NA, Taylor HG, Yeo RA, Arbogast KB, Leddy JJ, Master CL, Mannix R, Zemek RL, Yeates KO (2020) Radiologic common data elements rates in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology 94:e241\u2013e253","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11931_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0707-1","volume":"47","author":"SP Broglio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Broglio SP, McCrea M, McAllister T, Harezlak J, Katz B, Hack D, Hainline B (2017) A national study on the effects of concussion in collegiate athletes and US military service academy members: the NCAA-DoD Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) consortium structure and methods. Sports Med 47:1437\u20131451","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"11931_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000433","volume":"75","author":"N Carney","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carney N, Ghajar J, Jagoda A, Bedrick S, Davis-O\u2019Reilly C, du CH, Hack D, Helfand N, Huddleston A, Nettleton T, Riggio S, (2014) Concussion guidelines step 1: systematic review of prevalent indicators. Neurosurgery 75(Suppl 1):S3-15","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"11931_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6055","volume":"36","author":"AP Klein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klein AP, Tetzlaff JE, Bonis JM, Nelson LD, Mayer AR, Huber DL, Harezlak J, Mathews VP, Ulmer JL, Sinson GP, Nencka AS, Koch KM, Wu Y, Saykin AJ, DiFiori JP, Giza CC, Goldman J, Guskiewicz KM, Mihalik JP, Duma SM, Rowson S, Brooks A, Broglio SP, McAllister T, McCrea MA, Meier TB (2019) Prevalence of potentially clinically significant magnetic resonance imaging findings in athletes with and without sport-related concussion. J Neurotrauma 36:1776\u20131785","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"11931_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02331-4","volume":"21","author":"J Wrigglesworth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wrigglesworth J, Ward P, Harding IH, Nilaweera D, Wu Z, Woods RL, Ryan J (2021) Factors associated with brain ageing - a systematic review. BMC Neurol 21:312","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"11931_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.08.004","volume":"145","author":"RM Jha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jha RM, Kochanek PM, Simard JM (2019) Pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral edema in traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 145:230\u2013246","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"11931_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20999","volume":"32","author":"MJ Kempton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kempton MJ, Ettinger U, Foster R, Williams SC, Calvert GA, Hampshire A, Zelaya FO, O\u2019Gorman RL, McMorris T, Owen AM, Smith MS (2011) Dehydration affects brain structure and function in healthy adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp 32:71\u201379","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"11931_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3302-16.2017","volume":"37","author":"CK Tamnes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tamnes CK, Herting MM, Goddings AL, Meuwese R, Blakemore SJ, Dahl RE, Guroglu B, Raznahan A, Sowell ER, Crone EA, Mills KL (2017) Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: a multisample study of inter-related longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area, and thickness. J Neurosci 37:3402\u20133412","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"11931_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e516","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201470","volume":"100","author":"AR Mayer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mayer AR, Meier TB, Dodd AB, Stephenson DD, Robertson-Benta CR, Ling JM, Pabbathi Reddy S, Zotev V, Vakamudi K, Campbell RA, Sapien RE, Erhardt EB, Phillips JP, Vakhtin AA (2023) Prospective study of gray matter atrophy following pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology 100:e516\u2013e527","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11931_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.965211","volume":"29","author":"DM Erlanger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erlanger DM (2015) Exposure to sub-concussive head injury in boxing and other sports. Brain Inj 29:171\u2013174","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"11931_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3880","volume":"33","author":"IK Koerte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koerte IK, Hufschmidt J, Muehlmann M, Tripodis Y, Stamm JM, Pasternak O, Giwerc MY, Coleman MJ, Baugh CM, Fritts NG, Heinen F, Lin A, Stern RA, Shenton ME (2016) Cavum septi pellucidi in symptomatic former professional football players. J Neurotrauma 33:346\u2013353","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"11931_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2861","volume":"77","author":"JK Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee JK, Wu J, Bullen J, Banks S, Bernick C, Modic MT, Ruggieri P, Bennett L, Jones SE (2020) Association of cavum septum pellucidum and cavum vergae with cognition, mood, and brain volumes in professional fighters. JAMA Neurol 77:35\u201342","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"11931_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws307","volume":"136","author":"AC McKee","year":"2013","unstructured":"McKee AC, Stern RA, Nowinski CJ, Stein TD, Alvarez VE, Daneshvar DH, Lee HS, Wojtowicz SM, Hall G, Baugh CM, Riley DO, Kubilus CA, Cormier KA, Jacobs MA, Martin BR, Abraham CR, Ikezu T, Reichard RR, Wolozin BL, Budson AE, Goldstein LE, Kowall NW, Cantu RC (2013) The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain 136:43\u201364","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11931_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5002","volume":"34","author":"LY Espana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Espana LY, Lee RM, Ling JM, Jeromin A, Mayer AR, Meier TB (2017) Serial assessment of gray matter abnormalities after sport-related concussion. JNeurotrauma 34:3143\u20133152","journal-title":"JNeurotrauma"},{"key":"11931_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102002","volume":"55","author":"SA Bobholz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bobholz SA, Brett BL, Espa\u00f1a LY, Huber DL, Mayer AR, Harezlak J, Broglio SP, McAllister T, McCrea MA, Meier TB (2021) Prospective study of the association between sport-related concussion and brain morphometry (3T-MRI) in collegiate athletes: study from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium. Br J Sports Med 55:169\u2013174","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"11931_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3233","volume":"31","author":"EM Davenport","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davenport EM, Whitlow CT, Urban JE, Espeland MA, Jung Y, Rosenbaum DA, Gioia GA, Powers AK, Stitzel JD, Maldjian JA (2014) Abnormal white matter integrity related to head impact exposure in a season of high school varsity football. J Neurotrauma 31:1617\u20131624","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"11931_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116864","volume":"217","author":"BD Mills","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mills BD, Goubran M, Parivash SN, Dennis EL, Rezaii P, Akers C, Bian W, Mitchell LA, Boldt B, Douglas D, Sami S, Mouchawar N, Wilson EW, DiGiacomo P, Parekh M, Do H, Lopez J, Rosenberg J, Camarillo D, Grant G, Wintermark M, Zeineh M (2020) Longitudinal alteration of cortical thickness and volume in high-impact sports. Neuroimage 217:116864","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"11931_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2303","volume":"12","author":"N Kriegeskorte","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kriegeskorte N, Simmons WK, Bellgowan PS, Baker CI (2009) Circular analysis in systems neuroscience: the dangers of double dipping. Nat Neurosci 12:535\u2013540","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"11931_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2009.01125.x","volume":"4","author":"E Vul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vul E, Harris C, Winkielman P, Pashler H (2009) Puzzlingly high correlations in fMRI studies of emotion, personality, and social cognition. Perspect Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci 4:274\u2013290","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci"},{"key":"11931_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz286","volume":"142","author":"GL Iverson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Shultz SR, Solomon GS, McCrory P, Zafonte R, Perry G, Hazrati LN, Keene CD, Castellani RJ (2019) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathology might not be inexorably progressive or unique to repetitive neurotrauma. Brain 142:3672\u20133693","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11931_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2374","volume":"169","author":"GL Iverson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iverson GL, Silverberg ND, Mannix R, Maxwell BA, Atkins JE, Zafonte R, Berkner PD (2015) Factors associated with concussion-like symptom reporting in high school athletes. JAMA Pediatr 169:1132\u20131140","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"11931_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","volume":"51","author":"P McCrory","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio S, Cantu RC, Cassidy D, Echemendia RJ, Castellani RJ, Davis GA, Ellenbogen R, Emery C, Engebretsen L, Feddermann-Demont N, Giza CC, Guskiewicz KM, Herring S, Iverson GL, Johnston KM, Kissick J, Kutcher J, Leddy JJ, Maddocks D, Makdissi M, Manley GT, McCrea M, Meehan WP, Nagahiro S, Patricios J, Putukian M, Schneider KJ, Sills A, Tator CH, Turner M, Vos PE (2017) Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5(th) international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med 51:838\u2013847","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"11931_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.03.039","volume":"246","author":"L Chadwick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chadwick L, Sharma MJ, Madigan S, Callahan BL, Owen YK (2022) Classification criteria and rates of persistent postconcussive symptoms in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr 246:131\u2013137","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"11931_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23072","volume":"37","author":"TB Meier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meier TB, Bergamino M, Bellgowan PSF, Teague TK, Ling JM, Jeromin A, Mayer AR (2016) Longitudinal assessment of white matter abnormalities following sports-related concussion. Hum Brain Mapp 37:833\u2013845","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"11931_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.367","volume":"71","author":"P Shahim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shahim P, Tegner Y, Wilson DH, Randall J, Skillback T, Pazooki D, Kallberg B, Blennow K, Zetterberg H (2014) Blood biomarkers for brain injury in concussed professional ice hockey players. JAMA Neurol 71:684\u2013692","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"11931_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.750752","volume":"27","author":"S Neselius","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neselius S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Randall J, Wilson D, Marcusson J, Brisby H (2013) Olympic boxing is associated with elevated levels of the neuronal protein tau in plasma. Brain Inj 27:425\u2013433","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"11931_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37731","volume":"4","author":"CC Giza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giza CC, McCrea M, Huber D, Cameron KL, Houston MN, Jackson JC, McGinty G, Pasquina P, Broglio SP, Brooks A, DiFiori J, Duma S, Harezlak J, Goldman J, Guskiewicz K, McAllister TW, McArthur D, Meier TB, Mihalik JP, Nelson LD, Rowson S, Gill J, Investigators CC, Foroud T, Katz B, Saykin A, Campbell DE, Svoboda S (2021) Assessment of blood biomarker profile after acute concussion during combative training among us military cadets: a prospective study from the NCAA and US Department of Defense CARE Consortium. JAMA Netw Open 4:e2037731","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"11931_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac407","volume":"146","author":"F Gonzalez-Ortiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Ortiz F, Turton M, Kac PR, Smirnov D, Premi E, Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Cantoni V, Saraceno C, Rivolta J, Ashton NJ, Borroni B, Galasko D, Harrison P, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Karikari TK (2023) Brain-derived tau: a novel blood-based biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s disease-type neurodegeneration. Brain 146:1152\u20131165","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11931_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.6101","volume":"6","author":"M Cente","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cente M, Perackova J, Peracek P, Majdan M, Toth I, Mikulic M, Hanes J, Porubska S, Spajdel M, Kazickova B, Jurisica I, Filipcik P (2023) Association of nonconcussive repetitive head impacts and intense physical activity with levels of phosphorylated Tau181 and total Tau in plasma of young elite soccer players. JAMA Netw Open 6:e236101","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"11931_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1126","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010087","volume":"95","author":"CB Peltz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peltz CB, Kenney K, Gill J, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gardner RC, Yaffe K (2020) Blood biomarkers of traumatic brain injury and cognitive impairment in older veterans. Neurology 95:e1126\u2013e1133","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11931_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.027","volume":"172","author":"F Corlier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Corlier F, Hafzalla G, Faskowitz J, Kuller LH, Becker JT, Lopez OL, Thompson PM, Braskie MN (2018) Systemic inflammation as a predictor of brain aging: contributions of physical activity, metabolic risk, and genetic risk. Neuroimage 172:118\u2013129","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"11931_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01361-1","volume":"27","author":"CE Finger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Finger CE, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Gutierrez A, Moruno-Manchon JF, McCullough LD (2022) Age-related immune alterations and cerebrovascular inflammation. Mol Psychiatry 27:803\u2013818","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"11931_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00244","volume":"8","author":"JM Garcia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia JM, Stillings SA, Leclerc JL, Phillips H, Edwards NJ, Robicsek SA, Hoh BL, Blackburn S, Dore S (2017) Role of interleukin-10 in acute brain injuries. Front Neurol 8:244","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"11931_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5513","volume":"36","author":"EA Wilde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilde EA, Ware AL, Li X, Wu TC, McCauley SR, Barnes A, Newsome MR, Biekman BD, Hunter JV, Chu ZD, Levin HS (2019) Orthopedic injured versus uninjured comparison groups for neuroimaging research in mild traumatic brain injury. JNeurotrauma 36:239\u2013249","journal-title":"JNeurotrauma"},{"key":"11931_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.06.005","volume":"91","author":"AR Mayer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mayer AR, Quinn DK (2021) Neuroimaging biomarkers of new-onset psychiatric disorders following traumatic brain injury. Biol Psychiatry 91:459\u2013469","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"11931_CR64","first-page":"58","volume":"74","author":"JM Coughlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coughlin JM, Wang Y, Munro CA, Ma S, Yue C, Chen S, Airan R, Kim PK, Adams AV, Garcia C, Higgs C, Sair HI, Sawa A, Smith G, Lyketsos CG, Caffo B, Kassiou M, Guilarte TR, Pomper MG (2015) Neuroinflammation and brain atrophy in former NFL players: an in vivo multimodal imaging pilot study. NeurobiolDis 74:58\u201365","journal-title":"NeurobiolDis"},{"key":"11931_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0206","volume":"72","author":"JF Strain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strain JF, Womack KB, Didehbani N, Spence JS, Conover H, Hart J Jr, Kraut MA, Cullum CM (2015) Imaging correlates of memory and concussion history in retired national football league athletes. JAMA Neurol 72:773\u2013780","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11931-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11931-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11931-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T10:33:57Z","timestamp":1729938837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11931-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11931-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr. Meier receives compensation as a member of the Clinical and Scientific Advisory Board for Quadrant Biosciences Inc. No other authors report any competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The pediatric study was approved by the University of New Mexico School of Medicine Institutional Review Board. All participants provided written informed consent or assent depending on age with parental consent for everyone under 18\u00a0years of age. The CARE study was approved by the Medical College of Wisconsin Institutional Review Board and the Department of Defense Human Research Protection Office. All participants provided written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}