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AE is a group of neuroinflammatory disorders, and cognitive impairment is a significant source of chronic morbidity in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifty patients with an average disease duration of 3.2\u00a0years after diagnosis were prospectively recruited from four hospitals. They underwent a comprehensive cognitive examination using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV). Summary statistics were computed, and single-sample and independent-samples <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests were used to compare the cohort to normative data.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results revealed significantly reduced performances in perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and working memory among AE patients. Seropositive AE patients exhibited below-norm processing speed, while the seronegative group showed reduced working memory and processing speed. Delayed memory performance was significantly below expectations only in seronegative patients. Pattern analysis indicated that intact cognition was the most observed outcome after AE, but significant heterogeneity was observed among the impaired patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study identified deficits in perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and working memory among chronic AE patients. Pattern analysis highlighted positive long-term cognitive outcomes for many but varied outcomes for those with ongoing difficulties. Although severely cognitively impaired patients were not included, the findings apply to \u00a0AE cohorts\u00a0who attend outpatient\u00a0clinical neuropsychology consultations emphasizing the need for thorough cognitive assessment. The results suggest a need for further research targeting other cognitive domains, including executive functions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11967-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T18:02:18Z","timestamp":1694714538000},"page":"310-324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Characterizing cognitive function in patients with autoimmune encephalitis: an Australian prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"271","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7087-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah P.","family":"Griffith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robb","family":"Wesselingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Seery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Rushen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Kyndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udaya","family":"Seneviratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Buzzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Butzkueven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence J.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubina","family":"Alpitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Malpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6404-9768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mastura","family":"Monif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Australian Autoimmune Encephalitis Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"11967_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","volume":"15","author":"F Graus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, Benseler S, Bien CG, Cellucci T et al (2016) A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. 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He has been supported by research grants and consultancies to his institution from Eisai, UCB Pharma, Praxis Precision Medicines, BioGen and Supernus. Dr Mastura Monif has received research support from National Health and Medical Research Council, Medical Research Future Fund, Brain Foundation, Charles and Sylvia Viertel Foundation, and MS Research Australia. MM has also been supported by research grants from Merck and Ku Leuven University, served on advisory board for Merck, has received speaker honoraria from Merch and Biogen. Dr Katherine Buzzard has received speaker\u2019s honoraria and\/or conference support from Biogen, Alexion, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, Novartis and Roche. KB has received research grants from CSL and has served on advisory boards for Merck and Biogen. Prof Helmut Butzkueven\u2019s research is funded by an Australian National Health Medical Research Council Investigator Grant. His institution receives funding from Biogen, Roche, Merck, Alexion and Novartis for speaker engagements, study steering and advisory committee service. He is on the editorial board of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders and the Steering committee of the Brain Health Initiative (Oxford Health Policy Forum). Associate Professor Charles Malpas has received conference travel support from Merck, Novartis, and Biogen. He has received research support from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital Neuroscience Foundation, and Dementia Australia. Associate Professor Udaya Seneviratne has received travel and speaker honoraria from Eisai Australia and LivaNova Australia. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the central Human Research Ethics Committee at Alfred Health approved the study (HREC\/17\/Alfred\/168).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}