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Clinical data of patients, including baseline data, medical history, neurological, neuro-otological, and auxiliary examination results were collected. The etiologic distribution of dizziness\/vertigo was determined by analyzing the diagnoses of patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of the 638 patients with dizziness\/vertigo, 38.8% were males, 61.2% were females, with a male: female ratio of 1:1.58 and a mean age of 52.9\u2009\u00b1\u200916.9\u00a0years. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) was the most common cause of dizziness\/vertigo in both female (38.9%) and male patients (25.5%). Subgroup analysis based on sex showed that vestibular migraine (VM) and probable autoimmune inner ear disease (p-AIED) were more prevalent in female patients (10.7% and 3.8%, respectively), while vascular vertigo\/dizziness was more common in male patients (10.1%). Subgroup analysis based on age showed that the most common diseases were VM in patients aged 0\u201330\u00a0years (27.4%), BPPV in patients aged 31\u201360\u00a0years (27.1%) and 61\u2013100\u00a0years (46.0%). Episodic vestibular syndrome (EVS) was the most commonly observed, accounting for up to 60.6% (389\/638) of all patients, and the most common diagnoses were BPPV (55.3%, 215\/389), VM (15.2%, 59\/389), primary unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction (p-UPVD) of unknown etiology (11.8%, 46\/389), p-AIED (4.4%, 17\/389), and vascular vertigo\/dizziness (2.8%, 11\/389) in these patients. Chronic vestibular syndrome (CVS) was found in 14.0% (90\/638) of the patients, and the most common diagnoses were persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD, 35.6%, 32\/90), psychogenic dizziness (18.9%, 17\/90), p-UPVD of unknown etiology (15.6%, 14\/90), vascular vertigo\/dizziness (15.6%, 14\/90), and bilateral vestibulopathy (7.8%, 7\/90). Acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) was observed in 8.4% (54\/638) of the patients, and the most common diagnoses were p-UPVD of unknown etiology (31.5%, 17\/54), vestibular neuritis (24.1%, 13\/54), probable labyrinthine apoplexy (16.7%, 9\/54), stroke (13.0%, 7\/54), and psychogenic dizziness (11.1%, 6\/54). 16.4% (105\/638) of the patients were found to have other disorders, including 15.2% (16\/105) of patients with internal diseases, and 84.8% (89\/105) of patients with unknown causes. In terms of localization diagnosis, 56.1%, 17.0%, 10.0%, and 16.4% of the patients were diagnosed with peripheral vestibular disorder, central vestibular disorder, psychiatric and functional vestibular disorders, and other disorders, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>(1) Dizziness\/vertigo was more common in females, which was frequently caused by damage to the vestibular system. Non-vestibular or unknown etiologies were also seen in some patients; (2) VM was more prevalent in women than in men, vascular vertigo\/dizziness was more commonly observed in men; (3) EVS was more common in patients with dizziness\/vertigo. The most common causes of dizziness\/vertigo were peripheral vestibular disorders in patients with AVS and EVS, PPPD and psychogenic dizziness in patients with CVS. The most common causes were BPPV and p-UPVD of unknown etiology in patients with a peripheral vestibular disorder, VM and vascular vertigo\/dizziness in patients with central vestibular disorder, PPPD and psychogenic dizziness in patients with psychiatric and functional vestibular disorders.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12166-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T09:02:26Z","timestamp":1705482146000},"page":"2446-2457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Etiologic distribution of dizziness\/vertigo in a neurological outpatient clinic according to the criteria of the international classification of vestibular disorders: a single-center study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"271","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangzhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3615-3063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"12166_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.58","volume":"13","author":"T Brandt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brandt T, Dieterich M (2017) The dizzy patient: don\u2019t forget disorders of the central vestibular system. 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