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The present study addresses this putative association in a large, well-characterized group of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) patients. These patients were grouped based on the spectrum of CD and gluten sensitivity-associated antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, 253 consecutive adult epilepsy patients (135 females, 118 males; age 16\u201376\u00a0years) were categorized into three groups: (i) CD-positive group with either prior diagnosis of CD or CD-specific TG2\/EmA antibodies, (ii) AGA-positive group with antigliadin antibodies (AGA) but without CD, and (iii) CD\/AGA-negative group without any gluten sensitivity-associated antibodies or CD. Clinical and immunological findings were then compared among the groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>TLE with HS was more common in the CD-positive group compared to CD\/AGA-negative group (31.8% versus 11.9%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019). Autoimmune disorders were more common in the AGA-positive group than in the CD\/AGA-negative group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025). Considering HS lateralization; left lateralization was more common in CD-positive group compared to CD\/AGA-negative group (71.4% versus 25%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.030). TG6 seropositivity did not differ among the groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study provides further evidence linking TLE with HS and CD-type autoimmunity suggesting that CD-type immune response to gluten can be one potential mechanism as a disease modifier leading to DRE and HS. Understanding these immunological factors is imperative for developing immunomodulatory or dietary treatments for DRE potentially preventing HS progression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12210-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T04:20:50Z","timestamp":1707538850000},"page":"2596-2604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hippocampal sclerosis is associated with celiac disease type immunity in patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"271","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2141-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Peltola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katri","family":"Kaukinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pabitra","family":"Basnyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jani","family":"Raitanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katri","family":"Haimila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suvi","family":"Liimatainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sirpa","family":"Rainesalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jukka","family":"Peltola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"12210_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x","author":"P Kwan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT et al (2010) Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ILAE commission on therapeutic strategies. 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