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Moreover, we aimed to investigate the possible longitudinal relationship between ICDs and apathy and their putative impact on cognition during the first five years of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the Parkinson\u2019s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database to identify the co-occurrence of apathy and ICDs in 423 early drug-na\u00efve PD patients at baseline and at 5-year follow-up. Baseline MRI volumes and gray matter changes were analyzed between groups using voxel-based morphometry. Multi-level models assessed the longitudinal relationship (across five\u00a0years) between apathy and ICDs and cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, co-occurrence of apathy and ICDs was observed in 23 patients (5.4%). This finding was related to anatomical GM reduction along\u00a0the cortical regions involved in the limbic circuit and cognitive control systems. Longitudinal analyses indicated that apathy and ICDs were related to each other as well as to\u00a0the combined use of levodopa and dopamine agonists. Worse apathetic and ICDs states were associated with poorer executive functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Apathy and ICDs are joint non-exclusive neuropsychiatric disorders also in the early stages of PD and their co-occurrence was associated with GM decrease in several cortical regions of the limbic circuit and cognitive control systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12233-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T10:02:24Z","timestamp":1709114544000},"page":"2798-2809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Anatomical correlates of apathy and impulsivity co-occurrence in early Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"271","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-739X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6283-3679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Loayza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3015-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7728-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-7281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Obeso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"12233_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2019.03.002","volume":"27","author":"D Weintraub","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weintraub D, Mamikonyan E (2019) The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson disease: a perfect storm. 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Full financial disclosure for the previous 12\u00a0months: Employment\u2014Gianpaolo Maggi: Received salary from the University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy. Francis Loayza: Received salary from the Polytechnic University (ESPOL), Guayaquil, Ecuador. Carmine Vitale: Received salary from the University \u201cParthenope\u201d, Italy. Gabriella Santangelo: Received salary from the University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy. Ignacio Obeso: Received salary from the Psychobiology and Methods for the Behavioral Sciences Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}