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Patients had to stay on therapy for at least 3 months and up to 16\u00a0years. The EIT cohort included 743 and the ESC cohort 227 RRMS patients. We used multinomial propensity scores for inverse probability weighting in generalized linear (GLM) and Cox proportional hazards models to correct for the bias of this non-randomized registry study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Estimated mean annualized relapse rates (ARR) were 0.09 for EIT and 0.4 for ESC patients. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) in the GLM model for relapses showed a decreased relapse probability of 78% for the EIT versus ESC cohort [IRR\u2009=\u20090.22, 95% CI (0.16\u20130.30), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001]. Analyzing the time to the first relapse by Cox regression, a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.17 [95% CI (0.13\u20130.22), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001] revealed a decreased risk of 83% for the EIT group. Regarding sustained Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) progression for 12\u00a0weeks, a HR of 0.55 [95% CI (0.40\u20130.76), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001] showed a decreased probability of 45% for the EIT cohort.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ESC treatment after DMF and TERI revealed a higher relapse and EDSS progression probability compared to EIT in Austrian RRMS patients. Therefore, an early intensive treatment should be started in patients with an active or highly active disease course.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12256-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T05:01:36Z","timestamp":1709355696000},"page":"3142-3152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Early intensive versus escalation treatment in patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis in Austria"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"271","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8219-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Guger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Enzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fritz","family":"Leutmezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Di Pauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kalcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Kvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Austrian MS Treatment Registry (AMSTR)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"12256_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2023.06.004","volume":"42","author":"N Bou Rjeily","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bou Rjeily N, Mowry EM, Ontaneda D, Carlson AK (2024) Highly effective therapy versus escalation approaches in early multiple sclerosis: what is the future of multiple sclerosis treatment? 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J Neurol 263(6):1053\u20131065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7986-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12256-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12256-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12256-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T15:09:22Z","timestamp":1716995362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12256-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["12256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12256-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Michael Guger received support and honoraria for research, consultation, lectures and education from Alexion, Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Celgene, Genzyme, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, MedDay, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Aventis and TEVA ratiopharm. Christian Enzinger received funding for travel and speaker honoraria from Bayer, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Shire, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.\/sanofi-aventis, research support from Biogen, Merck, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.\/sanofi-aventis and serving on scientific advisory boards for Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.\/sanofi- Aventis. Fritz Leutmezer has received funding for travel and speaker honoraria from Actelion, Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Celgene, Genzyme, Janssen-Cilag, MedDay, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Octapharm, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Teva. Franziska Di Pauli has participated in meetings sponsored by, received honoraria (lectures, advisory boards, consultations) or travel funding from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Roche and Teva. J\u00f6rg Kraus received consulting and\/or research funding and\/or educational support from Alexion, Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, MedDay, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Aventis, Shire, TEVA ratiopharm. Stefan Kalcher declares that there is no conflict of interest. Erich Kvas declares that there is no conflict of interest. Thomas Berger has participated in meetings sponsored by and received honoraria (lectures, advisory boards, consultations) from pharmaceutical companies marketing treatments for multiple sclerosis: Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Biologix, Bionorica, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Eisai, GW Pharma, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, MedDay, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi\/Genzyme, TG Pharmaceuticals, TEVA-ratiopharm and UCB. His institution has received financial support in the last 12\u00a0months by unrestricted research grants (Biogen, Bayer, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi\/Genzyme, and TEVA ratiopharm) and for participation in clinical trials in multiple sclerosis sponsored by Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sanofi\/Genzyme, and TEVA.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}