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The authors summarized recommendations for the 2023 updated German guidelines on \u201cParkinson\u2019s disease\u201d from the German Neurological Society (DGN), focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The recommendations were based on literature reviews, other relevant guidelines, and expert opinions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Measurements to assess cognitive and affective states were reviewed for psychometric properties, use in routine clinical practice, and availability in German. To improve mild cognitive impairment, cognitive training\u00a0and physical aerobic training are recommended. To treat Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD)-related dementia, cognitive stimulation (as a\u00a0non-pharmacological\u00a0intervention) and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs, i.e., rivastigmine) are recommended. Cognitive behavioral therapy is recommended to treat depression, anxiety, and fear of progression. Physical interventions are recommended to treat depression, fatigue, and apathy. Optimized dopaminergic treatment is the first-line pharmacological strategy recommended to manage depression, apathy, anhedonia, fatigue, and mood swings. Major depression can be additionally treated using venlafaxine or desipramine, while moderate depression can be treated pharmacologically according to its clinical phenotype (psychomotor retardation or agitation) and comorbidities (e.g., sleep disturbances, pain). Venlafaxine and nortriptyline can be used to treat anhedonia, while citalopram can be used for anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n In addition to the updated pharmacological treatment options, new insights into recommendations for standardized diagnostics and non-pharmacological interventions were provided for the German health care system. However, more studies are needed to explore the full potential of non-pharmacological interventions to treat and prevent cognitive impairment and affective disorders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12503-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T02:02:50Z","timestamp":1723168970000},"page":"7330-7357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["German Society of Neurology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment and affective disorders in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: new spotlights on diagnostic procedures and non-pharmacological interventions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"271","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8603-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elke","family":"Kalbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2168-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann-Kristin","family":"Folkerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9384-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8540-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Buhmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0875-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga","family":"Liepelt-Scarfone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the German Parkinson\u2019s Guidelines Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"12503_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213393","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1213393","volume":"2022","author":"P Mac\u00edas-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mac\u00edas-Garc\u00eda P, Rashid-L\u00f3pez R, Cruz-G\u00f3mez \u00c1J, Lozano-Soto E, Sanmartino F, Espinosa-Rosso R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Rosa JJ (2022) Neuropsychiatric symptoms in clinically defined Parkinson\u2019s disease: an updated review of literature. 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EK is one of the authors of the cognitive intervention series \u201cNEUROvitalis\u201d but receives no corresponding honoraria. AKF has received grants from the German Parkinson Society, the German Alzheimer\u2019s Society, the German Parkinson Foundation, STADAPHARM GmbH and the General Joint Committee Germany as well as honoraria from Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany; Springer-Verlag GmbH, Berlin; ProLog Wissen GmbH, Cologne, Germany; Seminar- und Fortbildungszentrum Rheine, Germany; LOGOMANIA, Fendt & Sax GbR, Munich, Germany; LOGUAN, Ulm, Germany; dbs e.V., Moers, Germany; STADAPHARM GmbH, Bad Vilbel, Germany; NEUROPSY, St. Konrad, Austria; Multiple Sclerosis Society Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and Gossweiler Foundation, Bern, Switzerland. AKF is one of the authors of the cognitive intervention series \u201cNEUROvitalis\u201d but receives no corresponding honoraria. CB reports fees for lectures and\/or honour boards from AbbVie, Bial, Desitin, Kyowa Kirin, Merz, STADA Pharma, TAD Pharma, UCB, Zambon. He has received royalties from Thieme Press and Kohlhammer Press and reports funding from Hilde-Ulrichs-Stiftung f\u00fcr Parkinsonforschung. KW has received funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Association) and STADAPHARM GmbH outside the present study. He has received honoraria for presentations\/advisory boards\/consultations from BIAL, Indorsia, Boston Scientific and STADAPHARM GmbH outside the present study. He has received royalties from Thieme Press and Elsevier Press. He serves as an editorial board member of Wileys \u201cParkinson\u2019s Disease\u201d, \u201cBehavioural Neurology\u201d and PLOSone. ILS reports funding from Bayer AG and travel grants from and travel grants from Desitin and the German Neurological Society outside the submitted work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}