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This study aimed to evaluate memory in a cross-sectional prospective AE cohort using multiple memory paradigms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>52 patients (50% seropositive) meeting Graus criteria for possible AE were prospectively recruited between October 2019 and August 202. A comprehensive examination of memory was performed, including tests of supraspan verbal memory (list learning), logicosemantic memory (story learning), figural memory (learning of geometric designs), and verbal associative learning (verbal paired associates). Memory scores were compared to demographically adjusted normative data. Pattern analysis was conducted to assist in the identification of patterns in memory performances.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mean memory scores were not significantly below the normative mean. At an individual patient level, over 20% of the cohort exhibited impaired delayed figural memory, supraspan verbal memory learning and recall. Observed performances were significantly below expected performance for story learning (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.017) and recall (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), figural recall (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), initial acquisition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and final acquisition of a list (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and all delayed recall measures of the list (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001). 54.76% of patients exhibited intact psychometrics, and 16 distinct patterns of impairment emerged, indicating variability in memory outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>While statistical evidence for memory impairment did not emerge at an aggregate level, a proportion of patients present with evidence of abnormal memory performance on psychometrics. Variability in impaired memory measures argues for an individualised patient-focused approach to clinical assessment in AE. Future research should validate these findings with a larger sample size and explore the relationships between memory profiles and other cognitive functions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12520-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T18:08:15Z","timestamp":1719338895000},"page":"5610-5621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Memory function in autoimmune encephalitis: a cross-sectional prospective study utilising multiple memory paradigms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"271","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7087-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah P.","family":"Griffith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robb","family":"Wesselingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Seery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Rushen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Kyndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udaya","family":"Seneviratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Kalincik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Buzzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Butzkueven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence J.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubina","family":"Alpitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Malpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6404-9768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mastura","family":"Monif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Australian Autoimmune Encephalitis Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"12520_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","volume":"15","author":"F Graus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, Benseler S, Bien CG, Cellucci T, Cortese I, Dale RC, Gelfand JM, Geschwind M, Glaser CA, Honnorat J, H\u00f6ftberger R, Iizuka T, Irani SR, Lancaster E, Leypoldt F, Pr\u00fcss H, Rae-Grant A, Reindl M, Rosenfeld MR, Rost\u00e1sy K, Saiz A, Venkatesan A, Vincent A, Wandinger K-P, Waters P, Dalmau J (2016) A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. 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He has been supported by research grants and consultancies to his institution from Eisai, UCB Pharma, Praxis Precision Medicines, BioGen and Supernus. A\/Prof Mastura Monif has received research support from National Health and Medical Research Council, Medical Research Future Fund, Brain Foundation, Charles and Sylvia Viertel Foundation, and MS Research Australia. MM has also been supported by research grants. She has served on on advisory board for Merck, has received speaker honoraria from Merk and Biogen and Roche. Dr Katherine Buzzard has received speaker\u2019s honoraria and\/or conference support from Biogen, Alexion, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, Novartis and Roche. KB has received research grants from CSL and has served on advisory boards for Merck and Biogen. Prof Helmut Butzkueven\u2019s research is funded by an Australian National Health Medical Research Council Investigator Grant. His institution receives funding from Biogen, Roche, Merck, Alexion and Novartis for speaker engagements, study steering and advisory committee service. He is on the editorial board of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders and the Steering committee of the Brain Health Initiative (Oxford Health Policy Forum). Associate Professor Charles Malpas has received conference travel support from Merck, Novartis, and Biogen. He has received research support from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital Neuroscience Foundation, and Dementia Australia. Associate Professor Udaya Seneviratne has received travel and speaker honoraria from Eisai Australia and LivaNova Australia. Professor Tomas Kalincik served on scientific advisory boards for Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Merck KGaA and Biogen, steering committee for Brain Atrophy Initiative by Sanofi Genzyme, received conference travel support and\/or speaker honoraria from WebMD Global, Novartis, Biogen, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, BioCSL and Merck KGaA and received research or educational event support from Biogen, Novartis, Genzyme, Roche, Celgene and Merck KGaA. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}