{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:46:26Z","timestamp":1791942386028,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"BIAL"},{"name":"Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The wearing-off phenomenon is a key driver of medication change for patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) treated with levodopa. Common first-line options include increasing the levodopa dose or adding a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, but there are no trials comparing the efficacy of these approaches. We evaluated the effectiveness of adjunct opicapone versus an additional 100\u00a0mg levodopa dose in PD patients with early wearing-off using pooled data from 2 randomized studies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The ADOPTION study program included two similarly designed 4-week, open-label studies conducted in South Korea (NCT04821687) and Europe (NCT04990284). Patients with PD, treated with 3\u20134 daily doses of levodopa therapy and with signs of early wearing-off were randomized (1:1) to adjunct opicapone 50\u00a0mg or an additional dose of levodopa 100\u00a0mg. Patient-level data from the two studies were pooled.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The adjusted mean [SE] change from baseline to week 4 in absolute OFF time (key endpoint) was\u2009\u2212\u200962.8\u00a0min [8.8] in the opicapone group and\u2009\u2212\u200933.8\u00a0min [9.0] in the levodopa 100\u00a0mg group, the difference significantly favoring opicapone (\u2212\u200929.0 [\u2212\u200953.8,\u2009\u2212\u20094.2] min, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). Significant differences in the Movement Disorder Society\u2014Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale Part III subscore (\u2212\u20094.1 with opicapone vs\u2009\u2212\u20092.5 with levodopa 100\u00a0mg), also favored opicapone (\u2212\u20091.7 [\u2212\u20093.3,\u2009\u2212\u20090.04], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Dyskinesia was the most frequently reported adverse event (opicapone 7.2% vs. levodopa 100\u00a0mg 4.2%).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In these short-term trials, introducing adjunct opicapone was more effective at reducing OFF time than adding another 100\u00a0mg levodopa dose in PD patients with early signs of wearing-off.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12614-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T10:48:28Z","timestamp":1724323708000},"page":"6729-6738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Opicapone for the treatment of early wearing-off in levodopa-treated Parkinson\u2019s disease: pooled analysis of patient level data from two randomized open-label studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"271","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3950-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim J.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeo-il","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beomseok","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Poewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Antonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Stocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela M.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Castilla-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Holenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Francisco","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Rascol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the ADOPTION study investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"12614_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012868","volume":"97","author":"T Pringsheim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Day GS, Smith DB, Rae-Grant A, Licking N, Armstrong MJ, de Bie RMA, Roze E, Miyasaki JM, Hauser RA, Espay AJ, Martello JP, Gurwell JA, Billinghurst L, Sullivan K, Fitts MS, Cothros N, Hall DA, Rafferty M, Hagerbrant L, Hastings T, O\u2019Brien MD, Silsbee H, Gronseth G, Lang AE (2021) Dopaminergic therapy for motor symptoms in early Parkinson disease practice guideline summary: a report of the AAN guideline subcommittee. Neurology 97:942\u2013957","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"12614_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1968298","volume":"21","author":"P Jenner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jenner P, Rocha JF, Ferreira JJ, Rascol O, Soares-da-Silva P (2021) Redefining the strategy for the use of COMT inhibitors in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the role of opicapone. Expert Rev Neurother 21:1019\u20131033","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"12614_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000300647","volume":"63","author":"F Stocchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stocchi F, Jenner P, Obeso JA (2010) When do levodopa motor fluctuations first appear in Parkinson\u2019s disease? Eur Neurol 63:257\u2013266","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"12614_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.10.027","volume":"20","author":"F Stocchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stocchi F, Antonini A, Barone P, Tinazzi M, Zappia M, Onofrj M, Ruggieri S, Morgante L, Bonuccelli U, Lopiano L, Pramstaller P, Albanese A, Attar M, Posocco V, Colombo D, Abbruzzese G, group Ds (2014) Early DEtection of wEaring off in Parkinson disease: the DEEP study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20:204\u2013211","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"12614_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25364","volume":"28","author":"CW Olanow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Rascol O, Poewe W, Schapira AH, Emre M, Nissinen H, Leinonen M, Stocchi F, Stalevo Reduction in Dyskinesia Evaluation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease I (2013) Factors predictive of the development of Levodopa-induced dyskinesia and wearing-off in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 28:1064\u20131071","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"12614_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/787451","volume":"2015","author":"D Colombo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Colombo D, Abbruzzese G, Antonini A, Barone P, Bellia G, Franconi F, Simoni L, Attar M, Zagni E, Haggiag S, Stocchi F (2015) The \u201cgender factor\u201d in wearing-off among patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a post hoc analysis of DEEP study. ScientificWorldJournal 2015:787451","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"12614_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","volume":"323","author":"MJ Armstrong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armstrong MJ, Okun MS (2020) Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA 323:548\u2013560","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12614_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20602","volume":"20","author":"KA Grosset","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grosset KA, Bone I, Grosset DG (2005) Suboptimal medication adherence in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 20:1502\u20131507","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"12614_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22112","volume":"24","author":"D Grosset","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grosset D, Antonini A, Canesi M, Pezzoli G, Lees A, Shaw K, Cubo E, Martinez-Martin P, Rascol O, Negre-Pages L, Senard A, Schwarz J, Strecker K, Reichmann H, Storch A, L\u00f6hle M, Stocchi F, Grosset K (2009) Adherence to antiparkinson medication in a multicenter European study. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc 24:826\u2013832","journal-title":"Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc"},{"key":"12614_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27372","volume":"33","author":"SH Fox","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, Barton B, de Bie RMA, Seppi K, Coelho M, Sampaio C, Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine C (2018) International Parkinson and movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review: Update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 33:1248\u20131266","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"12614_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00336-1","volume":"15","author":"JJ Ferreira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Lees A, Rocha JF, Poewe W, Rascol O, Soares-da-Silva P, Bi-Park i, (2016) Opicapone as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and end-of-dose motor fluctuations: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 15:154\u2013165","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"12614_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.4703","volume":"74","author":"AJ Lees","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lees AJ, Ferreira J, Rascol O, Poewe W, Rocha JF, McCrory M, Soares-da-Silva P, Investigators B-S (2017) Opicapone as Adjunct to levodopa therapy in patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 74:197\u2013206","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"12614_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13914","volume":"26","author":"JJ Ferreira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Lees A, Rocha JF, Poewe W, Rascol O, Soares-da-Silva P (2019) Long-term efficacy of opicapone in fluctuating Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: a pooled analysis of data from two phase 3 clinical trials and their open-label extensions. Eur J Neurol 26:953\u2013960","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"12614_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.754016","volume":"12","author":"JF Rocha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rocha JF, Ebersbach G, Lees A, Tolosa E, Ferreira JJ, Poewe W, Rascol O, Stocchi F, Antonini A, Magalhaes D, Gama H, Soares-da-Silva P (2021) The added benefit of opicapone when used early in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with levodopa-induced motor fluctuations: a post-hoc analysis of BIPARK-I and -II. Front Neurol 12:754016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"12614_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14030","volume":"11","author":"JY Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee JY, Ma HI, Ferreira JJ, Rocha JF, Sung YH, Song IU, Ahn TB, Kwon DY, Cheon SM, Kim JM, Lee CS, Lee PH, Park JH, Lee JH, Park MY, Kim SJ, Baik JS, Choi SM, Shin HW, Lee HW, Kang SY, Jeon B (2024) Opicapone to treat early wearing-off in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: the Korean ADOPTION trial. Mov Disord Clin Pract 11:655\u2013665","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"12614_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200003000-00003","volume":"23","author":"RA Hauser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hauser RA, Friedlander J, Zesiewicz TA, Adler CH, Seeberger LC, O\u2019Brien CF, Molho ES, Factor SA (2000) A home diary to assess functional status in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol 23:75\u201381","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"12614_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2020.16.4.633","volume":"16","author":"J Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park J, Koh SB, Kwon KY, Kim SJ, Kim JW, Kim JS, Park KW, Paik JS, Sohn YH, Ahn JY, Oh E, Youn J, Lee JY, Lee PH, Jang W, Kim HJ, Jeon BS, Chung SJ, Cho JW, Cheon SM, Kang SY, Park MY, Park S, Huh YE, Kang SJ, Kim HT (2020) Validation study of the official korean version of the movement disorder society-unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale. J Clin Neurol 16:633\u2013645","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"12614_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","volume":"23","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, Stebbins GT, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P, Poewe W, Sampaio C, Stern MB, Dodel R, Dubois B, Holloway R, Jankovic J, Kulisevsky J, Lang AE, Lees A, Leurgans S, LeWitt PA, Nyenhuis D, Olanow CW, Rascol O, Schrag A, Teresi JA, van Hilten JJ, LaPelle N, Movement Disorder Society URTF (2008) Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord 23:2129\u20132170","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"12614_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/08870449708406741","volume":"12","author":"C Jenkinson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Peto V, Greenhall R, Hyman N (1997) The PDQ-8: development and validation of a short-form parkinson\u2019s disease questionnaire. Psychol Health 12:805\u2013814","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"12614_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12921","volume":"7","author":"S Schade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schade S, Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C (2020) Levodopa equivalent dose conversion Factors: An Updated Proposal Including Opicapone and Safinamide. Mov Disord Clin Pract 7:343\u2013345","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"12614_CR21","volume":"2014","author":"RA Hauser","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hauser RA, Gordon MF, Mizuno Y, Poewe W, Barone P, Schapira AH, Rascol O, Debieuvre C, Frassdorf M (2014) Minimal clinically important difference in Parkinson\u2019s disease as assessed in pivotal trials of pramipexole extended release. Parkinsons Dis 2014:467131","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"12614_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Rascol O, Stocchi F, Antonini A, Moreira J, Castilla-Fernandez G, Rocha JF, Holenz J, Poewe W (2023) Opicapone as adjunctive to levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients without motor complications: preliminary data from the EPSILON Study [Abstract]. https:\/\/www.mdscongress.org\/IC23-Late-BreakingAbstractBooklet.pdf.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106127"},{"key":"12614_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29193","volume":"37","author":"JJ Ferreira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Poewe W, Rascol O, Stocchi F, Antonini A, Moreira J, Guimaraes B, Rocha JF, Soares-da-Silva P (2022) Effect of opicapone on levodopa pharmacokinetics in patients with fluctuating Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 37:2272\u20132283","journal-title":"Mov Disord"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13122-z","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12614-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12614-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12614-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T21:11:35Z","timestamp":1757106695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12614-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["12614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12614-8","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13122-z","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13122-z","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13122-z","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Joaquim J. Ferreira has provided consultancy and received speaker fees from Lundbeck, BIAL, Biogen, Acadia, Abbvie, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Zambon, Affiris, Roche, ONO and SK Chemicals and has received grants from Abbvie, Bial, Medtronic and Angelini. Jee-Young Lee received a research grant of NRF funded by the MSIT of Korea and a multidisciplinary research grant-in-aid and a focused clinical research grant-in-aid from the Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University (SMG-SNU) Boramae Medical Center, and speaker honorarium from Esai Korea, Bial, SK chemicals and Scientific Advisory Board of Regeners Inc. Beomseok Jeon has received research grant from Peptron and Abbvie Korea and has participated in an expert panel for Aspen Neuroscience. Werner Poewe has received lecture fees and honoraria for consultancy in relation to clinical drug development programs from Alterity, AbbVie, Affiris, AstraZeneca, Axovant, BIAL, Biogen, Britannia, Lilly, Lundbeck, NeuroDerm, Neurocrine, Denali Pharmaceuticals, Orion Pharma, Roche, Stada, Sunovion, Takeda, UCB and Zambon, as well as grant support from the MJFF and the EU FP7 & Horizon 2020 programs. Angelo Antonini has received compensation for consultancy and speaker-related activities from UCB, Boehringer Ingelheim, Britannia, AbbVie, Zambon, Bial, NeuroDerm, Theravance Biopharma, Roche; he receives research support from Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck, Horizon 2020 - Grant 825785, Horizon2020 Grant 101016902, Ministry of Education University and Research (MIUR) Grant ARS01_01081, Cariparo Foundation. He serves as consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim for legal cases on pathological gambling; owns Patent WO2015110261-A1; and owns shares in PD Neurotechnology Limited. Fabrizio Stocchi has received compensation for consultancy and speaker related activities from Lundbeck, UCB, Chiesi, Zambon, Britannia, Cynapsus, Sunovion, Kyowa, Abbvie, NeuroDerm, Biogen, Bial. Daniela M. Rodrigues, Miguel M. Fonseca, Guillermo Castilla-Fern\u00e1ndez, Joerg Holenz and Jos\u00e9-Francisco Rocha are employed by BIAL. Olivier Rascol has participated in advisory boards and\/or provided consultancy for AbbVie, Adamas, Acorda, Addex, AlzProtect, ApoPharma, AstraZeneca, Axovant, Bial, Biogen, Britannia, Buckwang, CereSpir, Clevexel, Denali, INC Research, IPMDS, Lundbeck, Lupin, Merck, MundiPharma, NeurATRIS, NeuroDerm, Novartis, ONO Pharma, Osmotica, Parexel, Pfizer, Prexton Therapeutics, Quintiles, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, Sunovion, Theranexus, Takeda, Teva, UCB, Vectura, Watermark Research, XenoPort, XO, Zambon; received grants from Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), CHU de Toulouse, France-Parkinson, INSERM-DHOS Recherche Clinique Translationnelle, MJ Fox Foundation, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, European Commission (FP7, H2020), Cure Parkinson UK; and received a grant to participate in a symposium and contribute to the review of an article by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}