{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:47:38Z","timestamp":1790812058880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008375","name":"University of Basel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>As part of the development of a smartphone-based app for monitoring MS disease activity and progression (dreaMS, NCT05009160), we developed six gamified tests with multiple difficulty levels as a monitoring tool for cognition. This study quantified the relative difficulty between levels and investigated their reliability, ability to depict practice effects, and user acceptance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Healthy volunteers played each game, covering five cognitive domains, twice per day for 11 consecutive days. Linear mixed models determined the relative difficulty of the levels. Spearman's correlation of the two daily repetitions measured test\u2013retest reliability. Difficulty increased daily except for days 2, 6, and 11, when the easiest level (\u201cBeginner\u201d) was repeated to estimate practice effects. Participants rated enjoyment and other components of acceptance on a 5-point scale.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We included 82 participants from April to July 2023 in Basel, Switzerland, of which 76 (51 female, age: 40.3\u2009\u00b1\u200913.9\u00a0years, range 18\u201369) completed the study according to protocol. Generally, mean performances decreased with higher difficulty levels. Across all levels of all games, the median test\u2013retest correlation was 0.825 (range of medians 0.55\u20130.9). Mean performance in level \u201cBeginner\u201d improved across all games. The mean enjoyment rating was 3.9 (range: 3.1\u20134.3).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study showed that the CoGames yield reliable measures across different cognitive domains and difficulty levels and were enjoyable to play. The observed practice effects must be considered, but also indicate sensitivity to change. These results support the hypothesis that adaptive gamified digital tests can serve as a reliable and well-accepted monitoring tool of cognition in PwMS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12818-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T13:09:57Z","timestamp":1736946597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["CoGames: Development of an adaptive smartphone-based and gamified monitoring tool for cognitive function in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9660-9077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvan","family":"Pless","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6279-4158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Woelfle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1100-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Lorscheider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8786-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Wiencierz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0169-297X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2668-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3347-5187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Granziera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Kappos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"12818_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028936","volume":"8","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lassmann H (2018) Multiple sclerosis pathology. 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Johannes Lorscheider\u2019s institution has received research grants from Novartis, Biogen, and Innosuisse as well as honoraria for advisory boards and\/or speaking fees from Novartis, Roche, and Teva. Andrea Wiencierz has nothing to disclose. Oscar Reyes is lead data scientist of Indivi Ltd. Carlos Luque is a data scientist of Indivi Ltd. Pasquale Calabrese has received honoraria for speaking at scientific meetings, serving at scientific advisory boards, and consulting activities from: Abbvie, Actelion, Almirall, Bayer-Schering, Biogen Idec, Celgene, EISAI, Genzyme, Lundbeck, Merck Serono, Novartis, Pfizer, Teva, and Sanofi-Aventis. His research is also supported by the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society and the Swiss National Research Foundation. The University Hospital Basel (USB) and the Research Center for Clinical neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), as the employers of Cristina Granziera, have received the following fees which were used exclusively for research support from Siemens, GeNeuro, Genzyme-Sanofi, Biogen, Roche. They also have received advisory board and consultancy fees from Actelion, Genzyme-Sanofi, Novartis, GeNeuro, Merck, Biogen and Roche; as well as speaker fees from Genzyme-Sanofi, Novartis, GeNeuro, Merck, Biogen and Roche. Pasquale Calabrese has received honoraria for speaking at scientific meetings, serving at scientific advisory boards, and consulting activities from Abbvie, Actelion, Almirall, Bayer-Schering, Biogen, EISAI, Lundbeck, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, and Teva. He has also received research grants from the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society (SMSG) and the Swiss National Research Foundation. Ludwig Kappos has received no personal compensation. His institution (University Hospital Basel\/Foundation Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel) has received the following exclusively for research support: steering committee, advisory board, and consultancy fees (Abbvie, Actelion, Auriga Vision AG, Biogen, Celgene, Desitin, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Genentech, Genzyme, Glaxo Smith Kline, Janssen, Japan Tobacco, Merck, Minoryx, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Santhera, Senda, Shionogi, Teva, and Wellmera; speaker fees (Celgene, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, and Roche); support for educational activities (Biogen, Desitin, Novartis, Sanofi and Teva); license fees for Neurostatus products; and grants (European Union, Innosuisse, Novartis, Roche Research Foundation, Swiss MS Society and Swiss National Research Foundation).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}],"article-number":"119"}}