{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:11:36Z","timestamp":1790611896173,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007378","name":"Associazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/S\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/S\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) often show a mismatch between disability and T2-hyperintense white matter (WM) lesion volume (LV), that in general is referred to as the clinico-radiological paradox.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study aimed to understand how an extensive clinical, neuropsychological, and MRI analysis could better elucidate the clinico-radiological dissociation in a large cohort of PwMS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Clinical scores, such as Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), 9 Hole Peg Test (9HPT), 25-foot Walking Test (25-FWT), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test at 3\u00a0s (PASAT3), Symbol digit Modalities Test (SDMT), demographics, and 3\u00a0T-MRI of 717 PwMS and 284 healthy subjects (HS) were downloaded from the INNI database. Considering medians of LV and EDSS scores, PwMS were divided into four groups: low LV and disability (LL\/LD); high LV and low disability (HL\/LD); low LV and high disability (LL\/HD); high LV and disability (HL\/HD). MRI measures included: volumes of gray matter (GM), WM, cerebellum, basal ganglia and thalamus, spinal cord (SC) area, and functional connectivity of resting-state networks.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The clinico-radiological dissociation involved 36% of our sample. HL\/LD showed worse SDMT scores and lower global and deep GM volumes than HS and LL\/LD. LL\/HD showed lower GM, thalamus, and cerebellum volumes, and SC area than HS, and lower SC area than LL\/LD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A more extensive clinical assessment, including cognitive tests, and MRI evaluation including deep GM and SC, could better describe the real status of the disease and help clinicians in early and tailored treatment in PwMS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-12977-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T18:38:09Z","timestamp":1744223889000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Clinical and MRI features contributing to the clinico-radiological dissociation in a large cohort of people with multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"Abhineet","family":"Ojha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9088-7968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Tommasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Piervincenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Baione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Gangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"d\u2019Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Altieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"De Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Valsasina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Tedone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Pozzilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Pantano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The INNI Network","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Petsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Giann\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Storelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Pagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo Preziosa Alvino","family":"Bisecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Borgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Rippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"12977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.33.11.1444","volume":"33","author":"JF Kurtzke","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kurtzke JF (1983) Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33:1444\u20131452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.33.11.1444","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"12977_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.031","volume":"259","author":"MP Amato","year":"2007","unstructured":"Amato MP, Portaccio E (2007) Clinical outcome measures in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 259:118\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.031","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"12977_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-017-0412-5","volume":"31","author":"CEP Van Munster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Munster CEP, Uitdehaag BMJ (2017) Outcome measures in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 31:217\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-017-0412-5","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"12977_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103144","volume":"54","author":"M Cohen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen M, Bresch S, Thommel Rocchi O et al (2021) Should we still only rely on EDSS to evaluate disability in multiple sclerosis patients? A study of inter and intra rater reliability. Mult Scler Relat Disord 54:103144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103144","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"12977_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)65606-4","volume":"153","author":"BA Hart","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hart BA, Bauer J, Muller HJ et al (1998) Histopathological characterization of magnetic resonance imaging-detectable brain white matter lesions in a primate model of multiple sclerosis: a correlative study in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Pathol 153:649\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)65606-4","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"12977_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70137-6","volume":"7","author":"R Bakshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bakshi R, Thompson AJ, Rocca MA et al (2008) MRI in multiple sclerosis: current status and future prospects. Lancet Neurol 7:615\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70137-6","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"12977_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200206000-00003","volume":"15","author":"F Barkhof","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barkhof F (2002) The clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis revisited. Curr Opin Neurol 15:239\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00019052-200206000-00003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"12977_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-018-0652-9","volume":"31","author":"A Altermatt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Altermatt A, Gaetano L, Magon S et al (2018) Clinical correlations of brain lesion location in multiple sclerosis: voxel-based analysis of a large clinical trial dataset. Brain Topogr 31:886\u2013894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-018-0652-9","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"12977_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6475-9","volume":"259","author":"K Hackmack","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hackmack K, Weygandt M, Wuerfel J et al (2012) Can we overcome the \u201cclinico-radiological paradox\u201d in multiple sclerosis? J Neurol 259:2151\u20132160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-012-6475-9","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"12977_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037049","volume":"7","author":"N Shiee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shiee N, Bazin P-L, Zackowski KM et al (2012) Revisiting brain atrophy and its relationship to disability in multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 7:e37049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0037049","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12977_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa162","volume":"143","author":"A Kerbrat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kerbrat A, Gros C, Badji A et al (2020) Multiple sclerosis lesions in motor tracts from brain to cervical cord: spatial distribution and correlation with disability. Brain 143:2089\u20132105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa162","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"12977_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9075-5","volume":"265","author":"S Tommasin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tommasin S, De Giglio L, Ruggieri S et al (2018) Relation between functional connectivity and disability in multiple sclerosis: a non-linear model. J Neurol 265:2881\u20132892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-9075-5","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"12977_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11932.1","volume":"6","author":"D Chard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chard D, Trip SA (2017) Resolving the clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis. F1000Res 6:1828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.11932.1","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"12977_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758457","volume":"81","author":"A Hartmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hartmann A, Noro F, Bahia PRV et al (2023) The clinical-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis: myth or truth? Arq Neuropsiquiatr 81:55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1758457","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"12977_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2903-z","volume":"38","author":"M Filippi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Filippi M, Tedeschi G, Pantano P et al (2017) The Italian Neuroimaging Network Initiative (INNI): enabling the use of advanced MRI techniques in patients with MS. Neurol Sci 38:1029\u20131038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-017-2903-z","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"12977_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070933","volume":"12","author":"MP Amato","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amato MP, Portaccio E, Goretti B et al (2006) The Rao\u2019s brief repeatable battery and stroop test: normative values with age, education and gender corrections in an Italian population. Mult Scler 12:787\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458506070933","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"12977_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0235-4","volume":"16","author":"O Esteban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esteban O, Markiewicz CJ, Blair RW et al (2019) fMRIPrep: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI. Nat Methods 16:111\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41592-018-0235-4","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"12977_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","volume":"23","author":"SM Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW et al (2004) Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. Neuroimage 23(Suppl 1):S208-219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"12977_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.046","volume":"56","author":"B Patenaude","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patenaude B, Smith SM, Kennedy DN, Jenkinson M (2011) A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. Neuroimage 56:907\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.046","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"12977_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.056","volume":"33","author":"J Diedrichsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Diedrichsen J (2006) A spatially unbiased atlas template of the human cerebellum. Neuroimage 33:127\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.056","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"12977_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.10.009","volume":"145","author":"B De Leener","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Leener B, L\u00e9vy S, Dupont SM et al (2017) SCT: spinal cord toolbox, an open-source software for processing spinal cord MRI data. Neuroimage 145:24\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.10.009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"12977_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.051","volume":"98","author":"B De Leener","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Leener B, Kadoury S, Cohen-Adad J (2014) Robust, accurate and fast automatic segmentation of the spinal cord. Neuroimage 98:528\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.051","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"12977_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.041","volume":"165","author":"B De Leener","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Leener B, Fonov VS, Collins DL et al (2018) PAM50: unbiased multimodal template of the brainstem and spinal cord aligned with the ICBM152 space. Neuroimage 165:170\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.041","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"12977_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13040","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905267106","volume":"106","author":"SM Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith SM, Fox PT, Miller KL et al (2009) Correspondence of the brain\u2019s functional architecture during activation and rest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:13040\u201313045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0905267106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"12977_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011","volume":"106","author":"BTT Yeo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yeo BTT, Krienen FM, Sepulcre J et al (2011) The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol 106:1125\u20131165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00338.2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"12977_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811879106","volume":"106","author":"N Filippini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Filippini N, MacIntosh BJ, Hough MG et al (2009) Distinct patterns of brain activity in young carriers of the APOE-epsilon4 allele. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:7209\u20137214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0811879106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"12977_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00115","volume":"11","author":"LD Nickerson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nickerson LD, Smith SM, \u00d6ng\u00fcr D, Beckmann CF (2017) Using dual regression to investigate network shape and amplitude in functional connectivity analyses. Front Neurosci 11:115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00115","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"12977_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.024","volume":"167","author":"J-P Fortin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fortin J-P, Cullen N, Sheline YI et al (2018) Harmonization of cortical thickness measurements across scanners and sites. Neuroimage 167:104\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"12977_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12433","volume":"27","author":"BC Healy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Healy BC, Buckle GJ, Ali EN et al (2017) Characterizing clinical and MRI dissociation in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging 27:481\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jon.12433","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"12977_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-022-00277-x","volume":"6","author":"C Lapucci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lapucci C, Schiavi S, Signori A et al (2022) The role of disconnection in explaining disability in multiple sclerosis. Eur Radiol Exp 6:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41747-022-00277-x","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"12977_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516677592","volume":"23","author":"F Sacc\u00e0","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sacc\u00e0 F, Costabile T, Carotenuto A et al (2017) The EDSS integration with the brief international cognitive assessment for multiple sclerosis and orientation tests. Mult Scler 23:1289\u20131296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458516677592","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"12977_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7404289","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7404289","volume":"2017","author":"S Migliore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Migliore S, Ghazaryan A, Simonelli I et al (2017) Cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients with very mild clinical disability. Behav Neurol 2017:7404289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/7404289","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"12977_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.02.379","volume":"282","author":"RG Henry","year":"2009","unstructured":"Henry RG, Shieh M, Amirbekian B et al (2009) Connecting white matter injury and thalamic atrophy in clinically isolated syndromes. J Neurol Sci 282:61\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2009.02.379","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"12977_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103609","volume":"42","author":"R Zivadinov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zivadinov R, Bergsland N, Jakimovski D et al (2024) Thalamic atrophy and dysconnectivity are associated with cognitive impairment in a multi-center, clinical routine, real-word study of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage Clin 42:103609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103609","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"12977_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-015-1406-4","volume":"122","author":"H Zimmermann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zimmermann H, Rolfsnes HO, Montag S et al (2015) Putaminal alteration in multiple sclerosis patients with spinal cord lesions. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 122:1465\u20131473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-015-1406-4","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"12977_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104714","volume":"74","author":"PM Matthews","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matthews PM, Gupta D, Mittal D et al (2023) The association between brain volume loss and disability in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 74:104714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104714","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"12977_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110857","volume":"10","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Y, Haacke EM, Bernitsas E (2020) Imaging of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: past, present future. Brain Sci 10:857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10110857","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"12977_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.012","volume":"89","author":"K Parmar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parmar K, Stadelmann C, Rocca MA et al (2018) The role of the cerebellum in multiple sclerosis-150 years after charcot. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 89:85\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"12977_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00439-8","volume":"17","author":"DT Chard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chard DT, Alahmadi AAS, Audoin B et al (2021) Mind the gap: from neurons to networks to outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 17:173\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-020-00439-8","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"12977_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00055","volume":"6","author":"P Pantano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pantano P, Petsas N, Tona F, Sbardella E (2015) The role of fMRI to assess plasticity of the motor system in MS. Front Neurol 6:55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2015.00055","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"12977_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15329","volume":"29","author":"S Tommasin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tommasin S, Iakovleva V, Rocca MA et al (2022) Relation of sensorimotor and cognitive cerebellum functional connectivity with brain structural damage in patients with multiple sclerosis and no disability. Eur J Neurol 29:2036\u20132046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15329","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"12977_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520922770","volume":"27","author":"G Pasqua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pasqua G, Tommasin S, Bharti K et al (2021) Resting-state functional connectivity of anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes is altered in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 27:539\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458520922770","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"12977_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-020-02393-0","volume":"62","author":"S Tommasin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tommasin S, De Giglio L, Ruggieri S et al (2020) Multi-scale resting-state functional reorganization in response to multiple sclerosis damage. Neuroradiology 62:693\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-020-02393-0","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"12977_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00474-4","volume":"22","author":"J Smallwood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smallwood J, Bernhardt BC, Leech R et al (2021) The default mode network in cognition: a topographical perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci 22:503\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-021-00474-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"12977_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d9ed91","volume":"74","author":"MA Rocca","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rocca MA, Valsasina P, Absinta M et al (2010) Default-mode network dysfunction and cognitive impairment in progressive MS. Neurology 74:1252\u20131259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d9ed91","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"12977_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10576-9","volume":"268","author":"S Ruggieri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruggieri S, Petracca M, De Giglio L et al (2021) A matter of atrophy: differential impact of brain and spine damage on disability worsening in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 268:4698\u20134706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10576-9","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"12977_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.177733","volume":"81","author":"M Calabrese","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calabrese M, Mattisi I, Rinaldi F et al (2010) Magnetic resonance evidence of cerebellar cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81:401\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2009.177733","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"12977_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab132","volume":"144","author":"D Ontaneda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ontaneda D, Raza PC, Mahajan KR et al (2021) Deep grey matter injury in multiple sclerosis: a NAIMS consensus statement. Brain 144:1974\u20131984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awab132","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"12977_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508101934","volume":"15","author":"VM Anderson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anderson VM, Fisniku LK, Altmann DR et al (2009) MRI measures show significant cerebellar gray matter volume loss in multiple sclerosis and are associated with cerebellar dysfunction. Mult Scler 15:811\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458508101934","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"12977_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.12.034","volume":"282","author":"DP Ramasamy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramasamy DP, Benedict RHB, Cox JL et al (2009) Extent of cerebellum, subcortical and cortical atrophy in patients with MS: a case-control study. J Neurol Sci 282:47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2008.12.034","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"12977_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086916","volume":"9","author":"K Weier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weier K, Penner IK, Magon S et al (2014) Cerebellar abnormalities contribute to disability including cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 9:e86916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0086916","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12977_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070750","volume":"13","author":"BA Parmenter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parmenter BA, Weinstock-Guttman B, Garg N et al (2007) Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis using the Symbol digit Modalities Test. Mult Scler 13:52\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458506070750","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"12977_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.07.006","volume":"21","author":"TN Tombaugh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tombaugh TN (2006) A comprehensive review of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Arch Clin Neuropsychol 21:53\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2005.07.006","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"12977_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001152","volume":"36","author":"C Mainero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mainero C, Treaba CA, Barbuti E (2023) Imaging cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 36:222\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001152","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"12977_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/671730","volume":"2013","author":"E Sbardella","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sbardella E, Tona F, Petsas N, Pantano P (2013) DTI measurements in multiple sclerosis: evaluation of brain damage and clinical implications. Mult Scler Int 2013:671730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/671730","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"},{"key":"12977_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2020.11.005","volume":"76","author":"CB Hansen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hansen CB, Rogers BP, Schilling KG et al (2021) Empirical field mapping for gradient nonlinearity correction of multi-site diffusion weighted MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 76:69\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mri.2020.11.005","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"12977_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00095-8","volume":"20","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wattjes MP, Ciccarelli O, Reich DS et al (2021) 2021 MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 20:653\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00095-8","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-025-12977-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-025-12977-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-025-12977-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T12:41:13Z","timestamp":1747658473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-025-12977-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["12977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-12977-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"327"}}