{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:27:37Z","timestamp":1788560857501,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006254","name":"Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Conventional MRI measures, such as the number and volume of MS lesions, are histologically non-specific and cannot sufficiently explain clinical disability or brain atrophy in MS. Nevertheless, demyelinating plaques exhibit distinct histopathological features in relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) subtypes. The aim of this study was to assess microstructural characteristics of MS lesions using quantitative MRI and explore their associations with grey matter (GM) atrophy and clinical disability.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>56 control subjects (CS), 121 patients with relapsing\u2013remitting (RRMS), and 38 patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) underwent 1.5\u00a0T MRI scans and clinical examinations. Lesion and brain segmentation based on T1-weighted and FLAIR images were performed using SAMSEG. The MDME sequence and SyMRI software were used to estimate relaxation rates and myelin volume fraction in MS lesions and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM). Associations between quantitative lesional and NAWM MRI parameters with GM atrophy and clinical disability were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Brain regional volumes and quantitative lesional and NAWM MRI parameters were significantly decreased in patients with PPMS compared to those with RRMS. Quantitative lesional MRI parameters demonstrated statistically significant associations with cortical and deep GM volumes as well as with disability scores in RRMS and especially in PPMS. In contrast to RRMS, lesion volume was not associated with either GM atrophy or clinical disability in the PPMS group.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Quantitative lesional MRI measures, but not lesion load, were strongly associated with clinical disability and GM atrophy in PPMS patients, likely reflecting differences in lesion pathology between MS subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13043-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T15:12:19Z","timestamp":1743693139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neurological disability and brain grey matter atrophy in primary progressive multiple sclerosis are determined by microstructural lesional changes, but not by lesion load"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1735-4130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Ladopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Bellenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeyanthan Charles","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Lukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"13043_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70243-0","volume":"6","author":"DH Miller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miller DH, Leary SM (2007) Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 6(10):903\u2013912","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13043_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","volume":"17","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Carroll WM, Coetzee T, Comi G, Correale J, Fazekas F, Filippi M, Freedman MS et al (2018) Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 17(2):162\u2013173","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13043_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.687","volume":"121","author":"GJ Nijeholt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nijeholt GJ, van Walderveen MA, Castelijns JA, van Waesberghe JH, Polman C, Scheltens P, Rosier PF, Jongen PJ, Barkhof F (1998) Brain and spinal cord abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. Correlation between MRI parameters, clinical subtypes and symptoms. Brain 121(4):687\u2013697","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"13043_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400915594984","volume":"28","author":"O Galego","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galego O, Gouveia A, Batista S, Moura C, Machado E (2015) Brain atrophy and physical disability in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a volumetric study. Neuroradiol J 28(3):354\u2013358","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"13043_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200206000-00003","volume":"15","author":"F Barkhof","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barkhof F (2002) The clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis revisited. Curr Opin Neurol 15(3):239\u2013245","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13043_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25145","volume":"83","author":"A Eshaghi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eshaghi A, Prados F, Brownlee WJ, Altmann DR, Tur C, Cardoso MJ, De Angelis F, van de Pavert SH, Cawley N, De Stefano N et al (2018) Deep gray matter volume loss drives disability worsening in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 83(2):210\u2013222","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"15","key":"13043_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1562","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200006","volume":"98","author":"IA Lie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lie IA, Weeda MM, Mattiesing RM, Mol MAE, Pouwels PJW, Barkhof F, Torkildsen O, Bo L, Myhr KM, Vrenken H (2022) Relationship between white matter lesions and gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Neurology 98(15):e1562\u2013e1573","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13043_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/484959","volume":"35","author":"A Gajofatto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gajofatto A, Calabrese M, Benedetti MD, Monaco S (2013) Clinical, MRI, and CSF markers of disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Dis Markers 35(6):687\u2013699","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"issue":"5","key":"13043_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24497","volume":"78","author":"JM Frischer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frischer JM, Weigand SD, Guo Y, Kale N, Parisi JE, Pirko I, Mandrekar J, Bramow S, Metz I, Bruck W et al (2015) Clinical and pathological insights into the dynamic nature of the white matter multiple sclerosis plaque. Ann Neurol 78(5):710\u2013721","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13043_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285613478870","volume":"6","author":"JM Tillema","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tillema JM, Pirko I (2013) Neuroradiological evaluation of demyelinating disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 6(4):249\u2013268","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"13043_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103228","volume":"36","author":"EN York","year":"2022","unstructured":"York EN, Meijboom R, Thrippleton MJ, Bastin ME, Kampaite A, White N, Chandran S, Waldman AD, Future MSC (2022) Longitudinal microstructural MRI markers of demyelination and neurodegeneration in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: magnetisation transfer, water diffusion and g-ratio. Neuroimage Clin 36:103228","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"13043_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0837-7","volume":"249","author":"A Parry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parry A, Clare S, Jenkinson M, Smith S, Palace J, Matthews PM (2002) White matter and lesion T1 relaxation times increase in parallel and correlate with disability in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 249(9):1279\u20131286","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13043_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.09.007","volume":"19","author":"AL MacKay","year":"2009","unstructured":"MacKay AL, Vavasour IM, Rauscher A, Kolind SH, Madler B, Moore GR, Traboulsee AL, Li DK, Laule C (2009) MR relaxation in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 19(1):1\u201326","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"13043_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab029","volume":"144","author":"C Granziera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Granziera C, Wuerfel J, Barkhof F, Calabrese M, De Stefano N, Enzinger C, Evangelou N, Filippi M, Geurts JJG, Reich DS et al (2021) Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging towards clinical application in multiple sclerosis. Brain 144(5):1296\u20131311","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"13043_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21635","volume":"60","author":"JB Warntjes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Warntjes JB, Leinhard OD, West J, Lundberg P (2008) Rapid magnetic resonance quantification on the brain: optimization for clinical usage. Magn Reson Med 60(2):320\u2013329","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"13043_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00016","volume":"7","author":"M Warntjes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Warntjes M, Engstrom M, Tisell A, Lundberg P (2016) Modeling the presence of myelin and edema in the brain based on multi-parametric quantitative MRI. Front Neurol 7:16","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13043_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5168","volume":"38","author":"JBM Warntjes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Warntjes JBM, Persson A, Berge J, Zech W (2017) Myelin detection using rapid quantitative MR imaging correlated to macroscopically registered luxol fast blue-stained brain specimens. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 38(6):1096\u20131102","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13043_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25705","volume":"87","author":"R Ouellette","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ouellette R, Mangeat G, Polyak I, Warntjes M, Forslin Y, Bergendal A, Platten M, Uppman M, Treaba CA, Cohen-Adad J et al (2020) Validation of rapid magnetic resonance myelin imaging in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 87(5):710\u2013724","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13043_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28852-6","volume":"8","author":"A Hagiwara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hagiwara A, Hori M, Kamagata K, Warntjes M, Matsuyoshi D, Nakazawa M, Ueda R, Andica C, Koshino S, Maekawa T et al (2018) Myelin measurement: comparison between simultaneous tissue relaxometry, magnetization transfer saturation index, and T(1)w\/T(2)w ratio methods. Sci Rep 8(1):10554","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"13043_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcac172","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac172","volume":"4","author":"R Schneider","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schneider R, Matusche B, Ladopoulos T, Ayzenberg I, Biesalski AS, Gold R, Bellenberg B, Lukas C (2022) Quantification of individual remyelination during short-term disease course by synthetic magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Commun 4(4):fcac172","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"13043_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103166","volume":"36","author":"T Ladopoulos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ladopoulos T, Matusche B, Bellenberg B, Heuser F, Gold R, Lukas C, Schneider R (2022) Relaxometry and brain myelin quantification with synthetic MRI in MS subtypes and their associations with spinal cord atrophy. Neuroimage Clin 36:103166","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"13043_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.011","volume":"143","author":"O Puonti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Puonti O, Iglesias JE, Van Leemput K (2016) Fast and sequence-adaptive whole-brain segmentation using parametric Bayesian modeling. Neuroimage 143:235\u2013249","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"13043_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117471","volume":"225","author":"S Cerri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cerri S, Puonti O, Meier DS, Wuerfel J, Muhlau M, Siebner HR, Van Leemput K (2021) A contrast-adaptive method for simultaneous whole-brain and lesion segmentation in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 225:117471","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"13043_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","volume":"62","author":"B Fischl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fischl B (2012) FreeSurfer. Neuroimage 62(2):774\u2013781","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"13043_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1561","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011494","volume":"96","author":"MA Rocca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rocca MA, Valsasina P, Meani A, Gobbi C, Zecca C, Rovira A, Sastre-Garriga J, Kearney H, Ciccarelli O, Matthews L et al (2021) Association of gray matter atrophy patterns with clinical phenotype and progression in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 96(11):e1561\u2013e1573","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"13043_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.168","volume":"8","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lassmann H, van Horssen J, Mahad D (2012) Progressive multiple sclerosis: pathology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Neurol 8(11):647\u2013656","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13043_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1818-y","volume":"135","author":"S Luchetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luchetti S, Fransen NL, van Eden CG, Ramaglia V, Mason M, Huitinga I (2018) Progressive multiple sclerosis patients show substantial lesion activity that correlates with clinical disease severity and sex: a retrospective autopsy cohort analysis. Acta Neuropathol 135(4):511\u2013528","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"13043_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03116","volume":"9","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lassmann H (2018) Pathogenic mechanisms associated with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 9:3116","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"16","key":"13043_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8751","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168751","volume":"25","author":"I Sempik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sempik I, Dziadkowiak E, Moreira H, Zimny A, Pokryszko-Dragan A (2024) Primary progressive multiple sclerosis-a key to understanding and managing disease progression. Int J Mol Sci 25(16):8751","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"13043_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh641","volume":"128","author":"A Kutzelnigg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kutzelnigg A, Lucchinetti CF, Stadelmann C, Bruck W, Rauschka H, Bergmann M, Schmidbauer M, Parisi JE, Lassmann H (2005) Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis. Brain 128(Pt 11):2705\u20132712","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"13043_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103349","volume":"37","author":"X Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen X, Schadelin S, Lu PJ, Ocampo-Pineda M, Weigel M, Barakovic M, Ruberte E, Cagol A, Marechal B, Kober T et al (2023) Personalized maps of T1 relaxometry abnormalities provide correlates of disability in multiple sclerosis patients. Neuroimage Clin 37:103349","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"13043_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12645","volume":"28","author":"C Laule","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laule C, Moore GRW (2018) Myelin water imaging to detect demyelination and remyelination and its validation in pathology. Brain Pathol 28(5):750\u2013764","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13043_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000720","volume":"56","author":"A Hagiwara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hagiwara A, Fujimoto K, Kamagata K, Murata S, Irie R, Kaga H, Someya Y, Andica C, Fujita S, Kato S et al (2021) Age-related changes in relaxation times, proton density, myelin, and tissue volumes in adult brain analyzed by 2-dimensional quantitative synthetic magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol 56(3):163\u2013172","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13043_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100495","volume":"257","author":"C Langkammer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Langkammer C, Krebs N, Goessler W, Scheurer E, Ebner F, Yen K, Fazekas F, Ropele S (2010) Quantitative MR imaging of brain iron: a postmortem validation study. Radiology 257(2):455\u2013462","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13043_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1696-8","volume":"134","author":"BF Popescu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Popescu BF, Frischer JM, Webb SM, Tham M, Adiele RC, Robinson CA, Fitz-Gibbon PD, Weigand SD, Metz I, Nehzati S et al (2017) Pathogenic implications of distinct patterns of iron and zinc in chronic MS lesions. Acta Neuropathol 134(1):45\u201364","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"13043_CR36","first-page":"1642","volume":"40","author":"A Hagiwara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hagiwara A, Kamagata K, Shimoji K, Yokoyama K, Andica C, Hori M, Fujita S, Maekawa T, Irie R, Akashi T et al (2019) White matter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis evaluated by quantitative synthetic MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 40(10):1642\u20131648","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13043_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4977","volume":"38","author":"A Hagiwara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hagiwara A, Hori M, Yokoyama K, Takemura MY, Andica C, Kumamaru KK, Nakazawa M, Takano N, Kawasaki H, Sato S et al (2017) Utility of a multiparametric quantitative MRI model that assesses myelin and edema for evaluating plaques, periplaque white matter, and normal-appearing white matter in patients with multiple sclerosis: a feasibility study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 38(2):237\u2013242","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"13043_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51662","volume":"9","author":"JWL Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown JWL, Prados F, Altmann DR, Kanber B, Stutters J, Cunniffe NG, Jones JL, Georgieva ZG, Needham EJ, Daruwalla C et al (2022) Remyelination varies between and within lesions in multiple sclerosis following bexarotene. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 9(10):1626\u20131642","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"45","key":"13043_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E9685","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714183114","volume":"114","author":"ID Duncan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duncan ID, Marik RL, Broman AT, Heidari M (2017) Thin myelin sheaths as the hallmark of remyelination persist over time and preserve axon function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114(45):E9685\u2013E9691","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"5","key":"13043_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12642","volume":"28","author":"R Magliozzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Magliozzi R, Reynolds R, Calabrese M (2018) MRI of cortical lesions and its use in studying their role in MS pathogenesis and disease course. Brain Pathol 28(5):735\u2013742","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13043_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14132708","volume":"272","author":"MD Steenwijk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steenwijk MD, Daams M, Pouwels PJ, Balk LJ, Tewarie PK, Killestein J, Uitdehaag BM, Geurts JJ, Barkhof F, Vrenken H (2014) What explains gray matter atrophy in long-standing multiple sclerosis? Radiology 272(3):832\u2013842","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13043_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5915","volume":"40","author":"G Pontillo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pontillo G, Cocozza S, Lanzillo R, Russo C, Stasi MD, Paolella C, Vola EA, Criscuolo C, Borrelli P, Palma G et al (2019) Determinants of deep gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a multimodal MRI study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 40(1):99\u2013106","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"13043_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7664","volume":"43","author":"E Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim E, Cho HH, Cho SH, Park B, Hong J, Shin KM, Hwang MJ, You SK, Lee SM (2022) Accelerated synthetic MRI with deep learning-based reconstruction for pediatric neuroimaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 43(11):1653\u20131659","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13043-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13043-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13043-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1744974129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13043-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["13043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13043-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"B.K., B.B., Z.A., J.CJ., and J.B: nothing to disclose. R.S. has received speaker's honoraria from Bayer HealthCare, Alexion Pharma, Novartis Pharma, and Roche Pharma AG, congress travel support from Merck, Biogen Idec GmbH, and has received research scientific grant support from Novartis Pharma. R.G.: has received compensation for serving as a consultant or speaker from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Teva Neuroscience; he, or the institution he works for, has received research support from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Teva Neuroscience; he has also received honoraria as a Journal Editor from SAGE and Thieme Verlag. C.L.: received a research grant by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research, BMBF, German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), Grant No. 01GI1601I, has received consulting and speaker's honoraria from Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering, Daiichi Sanykyo, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi, Genzyme, and TEVA.e. T.L.: has received research scientific grant support from Novartis Pharma.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the local ethics committee of Ruhr University Bochum (Approval No. 20\u20137054-BR), and all patients provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"302"}}