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To evaluate predictors of a binary composite clinical-functional outcome measure, encompassing mRS, drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) and memory impairment, at 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses for predictors of a favourable mRS (i.e. mRS\u2009\u2264\u20092) and a composite clinical-functional outcome at 12 months were used.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 231 patients with AE were recruited. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors predictive of reduced odds of favourable mRS at 12 months were older age (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95, 0.98; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), T2\/FLAIR hyperintensity on initial MRI (OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.13, 0.56; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), RSE (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.06, 0.52; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) and first-line immunotherapy failure (OR 0.18; 95% CI 0.09, 0.37; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Anti-LGI1 antibody-mediated encephalitis relative to other subtypes (OR 4.46; 95% CI 1.55, 12.80; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006) was associated with a better 12-month mRS. We found concordant associations for a composite outcome at 12 months, with the addition of a diagnosis of definite autoimmune limbic encephalitis (AILE) predicting a poor outcome.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Older age, MRI T2\/FLAIR hyperintensity, RSE and first-line immunotherapy failure predicted worse mRS and composite clinical-functional outcome at 12 months, while a diagnosis of anti-LGI1 antibody-mediated encephalitis was associated with favourable outcomes. Our data highlight acute clinical factors predictive of a more severe clinical and functional course at 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13069-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T19:57:26Z","timestamp":1745611046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multimodal prognostication of autoimmune encephalitis: an Australian autoimmune encephalitis consortium 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His institution have received honoraria for advisory boards and speaking honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Roche and Novartis. Helmut Butzkueven is an employee of Monash University and has accepted travel compensation from Merck; his institution receives honoraria for talks, steering committee activities, and research grants from Roche, Merck, Biogen, Novartis, and UCB Pharma, Medical Research Future Fund Australia, NHMRC Australia, Trish MS Foundation, MS Australia and the Pennycook Foundation. He receives personal compensation for steering group activities for the Brain Health Initiative from Oxford Health Policy Forum and is funded by an NHMRC Australia Investigator Grant. Katherine Buzzard is principal investigator in clinical trials for Novartis, Merck, Roche and Biogen. She has received speakers honorarium and\/or travel grants from Sanofi Genzyme, Roche, Alexion, Merck, Biogen, Novartis and Teva. She has been on advisory boards for Merck, Biogen and UCB. Todd Hardy has received honoraria for talks, advisory boards or support for scientific meetings from Bayer-Schering, Novartis, Biogen Idec, Merck, Teva, Merck, Alexion, Bristol Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Genzyme. He has been the principal investigator on the phase IV trials in MS funded by Novartis and Sanofi Genzyme. He is Co-Editor of Advances in Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation and serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Neuroimmunology and Frontiers in Neurology. Tomas Kalincik served on scientific advisory boards for MS International Federation and World Health Organisation, BMS, Roche, Janssen, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Merck and Biogen, steering committee for Brain Atrophy Initiative by Sanofi Genzyme, received conference travel support and\/or speaker honoraria from WebMD Global, Eisai, Novartis, Biogen, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, BioCSL and Merck and received research or educational event support from Biogen, Novartis, Genzyme, Roche, Celgene and Merck. Richard Macdonell or his institution have received remuneration for his speaking engagements, advisory board memberships, research and travel from Biogen, Merck, Sanofi-Genzyme, Bayer, Roche, Teva, Novartis, CSL, BMS, MedDay and NHMRC. Laurie McLaughlin has received educational event support from Roche, Biogen and Merck. Mastura Monif has served on the advisory board for Merck and Novartis, and has received speaker honoraria from Merck, Biogen and Novartis. Her institution receives funding from Merck, Australian National Health Medical Research Council, and MS Research Australia. Cassie Nesbitt has received speaker honoraria and or educational travel support from Merck and Biogen and Roche. Sudarshini Ramanathan has received research funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC, Australia), the Petre Foundation, the Brain Foundation, the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, and the University of Sydney. She is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Grant (GNT2008339). She serves as a consultant on an advisory board for UCB and Limbic Neurology, and has been an invited speaker for educational\/research sessions coordinated by Biogen, Alexion, Novartis, Excemed and Limbic Neurology. She is on the medical advisory board (non-remunerated positions) of The MOG Project and the Sumaira Foundation. Stephen Reddel Funds over the last 5 years including but not limited to travel support, honoraria, trial payments, research and clinical support to the neurology department or academic projects of which I am a member has been received from bodies and charities: NHMRC, MRFF, NBA, Myasthenia Alliance Australia, Beeren foundation; and from pharmaceutical\/biological companies: Alexion, Biogen, CSL, Genzyme, Grifols, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, UCB. Additional interests and potential conflicts of interest include: Co-founder\/shareholder of RxPx health, National IVIG Governance Advisory Council & Specialist Working Group Australia (Neurology) (paid), Australian Medical Services Advisory Committee ad-hoc sub-committee on IVIG (paid), Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation Varicella Zoster working party (unpaid), Public Salary as a staff specialist neurologist from Concord Hospital Sydney Local Health District (paid), Private billings from patients and Medicare Australia reimbursement as a private practice neurologist (paid), Medical advisor (unpaid) to various patient and advocacy groups. Nabil Seery has received conference fee sponsorship from Roche. Tracie Tan has received speaker honoraria from Eisai and travel support from Biogen. Robb Wesselingh has nothing to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}],"article-number":"361"}}