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Color vision deficiency, which begins in the outer retina, has been increasingly investigated, but a focused review of these papers has not recently been conducted. Similarly, thinning of the outer retina as measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT) holds potential as a screening marker for PD, particularly as these devices are already commonplace in community and hospital settings. Moreover, outer retinal thinning may be more specific for Parkinson\u2019s disease as inner retinal changes also occur in more common neurodegenerative diseases like glaucoma and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. This review summarizes contemporary evidence on two <jats:italic>outer retina<\/jats:italic> focused measures, color vision and outer retinal thickness, which can be readily quantified using non-invasive approaches and thus examines their potential as biomarkers for screening, detection, and progression in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13080-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T06:22:11Z","timestamp":1745216531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Keeping an eye on Parkinson\u2019s disease: color vision and outer retinal thickness as simple and non-invasive biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David I.","family":"Finkelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei Ying","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bang V.","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tissa","family":"Wijeratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Alty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3298-3086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine T. 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