{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:22:23Z","timestamp":1786980143128,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011110","name":"UCB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The efficacy and safety of complement component 5 inhibitor zilucoplan in patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) were assessed in two double-blind studies (NCT03315130\/NCT04115293 [RAISE]). During these studies and the first 12 weeks of the open-label extension study, RAISE-XT, corticosteroid and non-steroidal immunosuppressive therapy (NSIST) doses were kept stable; thereafter doses could be changed at the investigator\u2019s discretion. We evaluated corticosteroid and NSIST dose changes in patients with gMG during zilucoplan treatment in RAISE-XT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In RAISE-XT, patients who completed a qualifying double-blind study self-administered once-daily subcutaneous zilucoplan 0.3mg\/kg. We assessed (post hoc) patients who changed their corticosteroid or NSIST dose relative to double-blind baseline at Week 120 (data cutoff: November 11, 2023).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 200 patients enrolled. At Week 120, 61.1% (n\u2009=\u200933\/54) of patients who were on corticosteroids at double-blind baseline had reduced or discontinued corticosteroids (mean 15.5mg dose reduction); mean change from baseline (CFB) in Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) score:\u22126.55 (standard deviation [SD] 3.65). Of patients on NSIST at double-blind baseline, 29.8% (n\u2009=\u200914\/47) reduced or discontinued\u2009\u2265\u20091 NSIST; mean CFB in MG-ADL score:\u22127.57 (SD 4.69). Among all patients at Week 120, 9.3% (n\u2009=\u20098\/86) had increased or started corticosteroids; 2.4% of patients (n\u2009=\u20092\/85) had increased NSIST, including one who started a new NSIST. Zilucoplan was well tolerated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment with zilucoplan allowed for reduction or discontinuation of corticosteroids in the majority of patients and NSIST in about a third of patients, while maintaining efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT04225871; October 2, 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13113-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T04:24:35Z","timestamp":1749702275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Changes in corticosteroid and non-steroidal immunosuppressive therapy with long-term zilucoplan treatment in generalized myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04225871","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Channa","family":"Hewamadduma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Freimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Genge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Isabel","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimiaki","family":"Utsugisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuan","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Boroojerdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Grimson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasa","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Vanderkelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James F.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the RAISE-XT study team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"13113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0079-y","volume":"5","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gilhus NE, Tzartos S, Evoli A, Palace J, Burns TM, Verschuuren J (2019) Myasthenia gravis. Nat Rev Dis Prim 5(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-019-0079-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"issue":"5","key":"13113_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2021.1897567","volume":"30","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Vissing J, Gilhus NE, Leite MI, Utsugisawa K, Duda PW, Farzaneh-Far R et al (2021) Zilucoplan: an investigational complement C5 inhibitor for the treatment of acetylcholine receptor autoantibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 30(5):483\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13543784.2021.1897567","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"13113_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002790","volume":"87","author":"DB Sanders","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanders DB, Wolfe GI, Benatar M, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Kuntz N et al (2016) International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis. Neurology 87(4):419\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002790","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13113_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.01.011","volume":"36","author":"C Farmakidis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farmakidis C, Pasnoor M, Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ (2018) Treatment of myasthenia gravis. Neurol Clin 36(2):311\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.01.011","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"13113_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410150316","volume":"15","author":"RM Pascuzzi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pascuzzi RM, Coslett HB, Johns TR (1984) Long-term corticosteroid treatment of myasthenia gravis: report of 116 patients. Ann Neurol 15(3):291\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410150316","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13113_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000116785","volume":"32","author":"A Evoli","year":"1992","unstructured":"Evoli A, Batocchi AP, Palmisani MT, Lo Monaco M, Tonali P (1992) Long-term results of corticosteroid therapy in patients with myasthenia gravis. Eur Neurol 32(1):37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000116785","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13113_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.34.2.170","volume":"34","author":"A Sghirlanzoni","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sghirlanzoni A, Peluchetti D, Mantegazza R, Fiacchino F, Cornelio F (1984) Myasthenia gravis: prolonged treatment with steroids. Neurology 34(2):170\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.34.2.170","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13113_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061597","volume":"11","author":"MK Alhaidar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhaidar MK, Abumurad S, Soliven B, Rezania K (2022) Current treatment of myasthenia gravis. J Clin Med 11(6):1597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11061597","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"13113_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.886625","volume":"13","author":"HJ Kaminski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaminski HJ, Denk J (2022) Corticosteroid treatment-resistance in myasthenia gravis. Front Neurol 13:886625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.886625","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"13113_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628641983224","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419832242","volume":"12","author":"C Schneider-Gold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schneider-Gold C, Hagenacker T, Melzer N, Ruck T (2019) Understanding the burden of refractory myasthenia gravis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 12:1756286419832242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756286419832242","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"13113_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12731","volume":"14","author":"S Suzuki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suzuki S, Masuda M, Uzawa A, Nagane Y, Konno S, Suzuki Y, Kubota T et al (2023) Japan MG registry: chronological surveys over 10 years. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol 14(1):5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen3.12731","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13113_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.5407","volume":"78","author":"T Sharshar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharshar T, Porcher R, Demeret S, Tranchant C, Gueguen A, Eymard B, Nadaj-Pakleza A et al (2021) Comparison of corticosteroid tapering regimens in myasthenia gravis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 78(4):426\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.5407","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13113_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24213","volume":"50","author":"K Utsugisawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Utsugisawa K, Suzuki S, Nagane Y, Masuda M, Murai H, Imai T, Tsuda E et al (2014) Health-related quality-of-life and treatment targets in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 50(4):493\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.24213","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"13113_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903518107","volume":"43","author":"DB Sanders","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sanders DB, Evoli A (2010) Immunosuppressive therapies in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 43(5\u20136):428\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08916930903518107","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"13113_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2332610","volume":"25","author":"SP Uysal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Uysal SP, Morren JA (2024) Promising therapies for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 25(4):395\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2024.2332610","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"7","key":"13113_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2018.1491310","volume":"18","author":"S Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang S, Breskovska I, Gandhy S, Punga AR, Guptill JT, Kaminski HJ (2018) Advances in autoimmune myasthenia gravis management. Expert Rev Neurother 18(7):573\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737175.2018.1491310","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"13113_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213920","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1213920","volume":"14","author":"G-Q Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang G-Q, Tang Y, Dhamnaskar K, Hoarty MD, Vyasamneni R, Vadysirisack DD, Ma Z et al (2023) Zilucoplan, a macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of human complement component 5, uses a dual mode of action to prevent terminal complement pathway activation. Front Immunol 14:1213920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1213920","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13113_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(23)00080-7","volume":"22","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Bresch S, Genge A, Hewamadduma C, Hinton J, Hussain Y, Juntas-Morales R et al (2023) Safety and efficacy of zilucoplan in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (RAISE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 study. Lancet Neurol 22(5):395\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(23)00080-7","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"13113_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard Jr JF, Freimer M, Genge A, Hewamadduma C, Hussain Y, Maniaol A, Mantegazza R et al (2024) Long-term safety and efficacy of zilucoplan in generalized myasthenia gravis: 120-week interim analysis of RAISE-XT [poster]. AANEM. Poster 192","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241243186"},{"key":"13113_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642412431","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241243186","volume":"17","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Bresch S, Farmakidis C, Freimer M, Genge A, Hewamadduma C, Hinton J et al (2024) Long-term safety and efficacy of zilucoplan in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis: interim analysis of the RAISE-XT open-label extension study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 17:17562864241243186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864241243186","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"13113_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.5125","volume":"77","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Nowak RJ, Wolfe GI, Freimer ML, Vu TH, Hinton JL, Benatar M et al (2020) Clinical effects of the self-administered subcutaneous complement inhibitor zilucoplan in patients with moderate to severe generalized myasthenia gravis: results of a Phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 77(5):582\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.5125","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"13113_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642312132","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864231213240","volume":"16","author":"H Wiendl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wiendl H, Abicht A, Chan A, Della Marina A, Hagenacker T, Hekmat K, Hoffmann S et al (2023) Guideline for the management of myasthenic syndromes. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 16:17562864231213240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864231213240","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"13113_CR23","unstructured":"BNF NICE. Prednisolone. https:\/\/bnf.nice.org.uk\/drugs\/prednisolone\/. Accessed 30 Jan 2025"},{"key":"13113_CR24","volume-title":"Cushing syndrome","author":"HS Chaudhry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chaudhry HS, Singh G (2024) Cushing syndrome. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island"},{"issue":"3","key":"13113_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000011124","volume":"96","author":"P Narayanaswami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Narayanaswami P, Sanders DB, Wolfe G, Benatar M, Cea G, Evoli A, Gilhus NE et al (2021) International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: 2020 update. Neurology 96(3):114\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000011124","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13113_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12739","volume":"14","author":"H Murai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murai H, Utsugisawa K, Motomura M, Imai T, Uzawa A, Suzuki S (2023) The Japanese clinical guidelines 2022 for myasthenia gravis and Lambert\u2013Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol 14(1):19\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen3.12739","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13113_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24694","volume":"52","author":"LD Hobson-Webb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hobson-Webb LD, Hehir M, Crum B, Visser A, Sanders D, Burns TM (2015) Can mycophenolate mofetil be tapered safely in myasthenia gravis? A retrospective, multicenter analysis. Muscle Nerve 52(2):211\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.24694","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"13113_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00538","volume":"11","author":"D Menon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Menon D, Barnett C, Bril V (2020) Novel treatments in myasthenia gravis. Front Neurol 11:538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00538","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13113_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(23)00077-7","volume":"22","author":"V Bril","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bril V, Dru\u017cd\u017c A, Grosskreutz J, Habib AA, Mantegazza R, Sacconi S, Utsugisawa K et al (2023) Safety and efficacy of rozanolixizumab in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (MycarinG): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive Phase 3 study. Lancet Neurol 22(5):383\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(23)00077-7","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"13113_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11699-x","volume":"270","author":"A Meisel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meisel A, Annane D, Vu T, Mantegazza R, Katsuno M, Aguzzi R, Frick G et al (2023) Long-term efficacy and safety of ravulizumab in adults with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis: results from the phase 3 CHAMPION MG open-label extension. J Neurol 270(8):3862\u20133875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11699-x","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"13113_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12588-7","volume":"271","author":"C Pane","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pane C, Di Stefano V, Cuomo N, Sarnataro A, Vinciguerra C, Bevilacqua L, Brighina F et al (2024) A real-life experience with eculizumab and efgartigimod in generalized myasthenia gravis patients. J Neurol 271(9):6209\u20136219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12588-7","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13113_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27966","volume":"69","author":"MK Hehir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hehir MK, Conaway M, St Sauveur AB, Feb K, Kolb NA, Waheed W, McNeish BL et al (2024) Measuring treatment adverse event burden in myasthenia gravis: single-center prospective evaluation utilizing the adverse event unit (AEU). Muscle Nerve 69(1):32\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.27966","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"6","key":"13113_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8751-9","volume":"265","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilhus NE, Romi F, Hong Y, Skeie GO (2018) Myasthenia gravis and infectious disease. J Neurol 265(6):1251\u20131258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-8751-9","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13113_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-024-00897-x","volume":"22","author":"M Zhdanava","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhdanava M, Pesa J, Boonmak P, Schwartzbein S, Cai Q, Pilon D, Choudhry Z et al (2024) Predictors of high healthcare cost among patients with generalized myasthenia gravis: a combined machine learning and regression approach from a US payer perspective. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 22(5):735\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40258-024-00897-x","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13113-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13113-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13113-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T06:26:00Z","timestamp":1752301560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13113-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["13113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13113-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Channa Hewamadduma has received funding for consultancy on scientific or educational advisory boards for argenx, Biogen, Lupin, Roche and UCB, and has received an investigator-led research grant from UCB. His study activities were supported by a Sheffield NIHR BRC UK centre grant. He is a trustee of the myasthenia gravis patient organisation Myaware. Miriam Freimer has served as a paid Consultant for Alexion Pharmaceuticals, argenx and UCB. She receives research support from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Avidity Biosciences, Fulcrum Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals (now Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine), the NIH and UCB. Angela Genge has served as a paid Consultant for Alexion Pharmaceuticals, ALS Pharmaceuticals, Amicus Therapeutics, Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Anelixis Pharmaceuticals, Annexon Biosciences, Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Atlantic Research Group, Biogen, Calico, Cytokinetics, Eli Lilly, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Medtronic, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Orion, QurAlis, Ra Pharmaceuticals (now UCB), Roche, Sanofi Genzyme (now Sanofi), UCB and Wave Life Sciences. M. Isabel Leite is funded by the NHS (Myasthenia and Related Disorders Service and National Specialised Commissioning Group for Neuromyelitis Optica, UK) and by the University of Oxford, UK. She has been awarded research grants from UK associations for patients with myasthenia and with muscular disorders (Myaware and Muscular Dystrophy UK, respectively) and the University of Oxford. She has received speaker honoraria or travel grants from Biogen, the Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation, Novartis and UCB. She serves on scientific or educational advisory boards for argenx, Horizon Therapeutics (now Amgen) and UCB. Kimiaki Utsugisawa has served as a paid Consultant for argenx, Chugai Pharmaceutical, HanAll Biopharma, Janssen Pharmaceuticals (now Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine), Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, UCB and Viela Bio (now Amgen); he has received speaker honoraria from Alexion Pharmaceuticals, argenx, the Japan Blood Products Organization and UCB. Tuan Vu is the USF Site Principal Investigator for MG clinical trials sponsored by Alexion\/AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Amgen, argenx, Cartesian Therapeutics, COUR Pharmaceuticals, Dianthus Therapeutics, Immunovant, Johnson & Johnson, NMD Pharma, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and UCB, and has served as a speaker for Alexion\/AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx and CSL Behring. He performed consulting work for Alexion\/AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Dianthus Therapeutics, ImmunAbs and UCB. Babak Boroojerdi is an employee and shareholder of UCB. Fiona Grimson is an employee and shareholder of UCB. Natasa Savic is an employee and shareholder of UCB. Mark Vanderkelen is an employee and shareholder of UCB. James F. Howard Jr. has received research support (paid to his institution) from Ad Scientiam, Alexion\/AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Cartesian Therapeutics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA), the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the National Institutes of Health (including the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases), NMD Pharma, PCORI and UCB; has received honoraria\/consulting fees from AcademicCME, Alexion\/AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Amgen, argenx, Biohaven Ltd, Biologix Pharma, CheckRare CME, Curie.Bio, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Medscape CME, Merck EMD Serono, Novartis, PeerView CME, Physicians\u2019 Education Resource (PER) CME, PlatformQ CME, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi US, TG Therapeutics, UCB and Zai Labs; and has received non-financial support from Alexion\/AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Biohaven Ltd, Toleranzia AB and UCB.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. An institutional review board or independent ethics committee for each participating site approved the protocol. The approving institutional review boards and independent ethics committees for the RAISE-XT study have been published [\n                      \n                      ]. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04225871). All patients provided written informed consent to participate.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All patients provided written informed consent to participate and could withdraw consent at any time.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"457"}}