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Potential conflicts of interest outside the submitted work are as follows: M.A. received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Roche; and speaker honoraria from AstraZaneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bromatech, Celgene, Genzyme, Horizon Therapeutics Italy, Merck Serono SpA, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Teva. She receives research support from the MS Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. She is Associate Editor for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders; and Associate Co-Editor for Europe and Africa for Multiple Sclerosis Journal. S. Ratzinger, A. Meani, M. Gueye, P. Vezzulli, E. Pagani, A. Giordano, and A. Falini have nothing to disclose. P. Preziosa received speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genzyme, Horizon and Sanofi, he has received research support from Italian Ministry of Health and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. E. Pagani has nothing to disclose. F. Esposito received speaker honoraria from Merck, Genzyme and Biogen.B. Colombo has received travel grants or honoraria for advisory boards, speaker panels, or investigation studies from Novartis, Teva, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and Lusofarmaco. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology, received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA, participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Approval was received from the institutional ethical standards committee on human experimentation of IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele for any experiments using human subjects (Protocol 46\/INT\/2020). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to study participation according to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"388"}}