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Emerging research suggests a higher-than-expected occurrence of autism in FND, potentially due to shared cognitive mechanisms and overlapping comorbidities. However, large-scale characterisation of this dual-diagnosis is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using de-identified health records from the TriNetX research network, we identified children and adults with both FND and autism (\u2018FND\u2009+\u2009Autism\u2019), comparing them to individuals with FND only (\u2018FND-only\u2019) and autism only (\u2018Autism-only\u2019). We examined psychiatric comorbidities (e.g. mood, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder), intellectual disability and ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 220,312 individuals with an FND diagnosis, and 674,971 individuals with an autism diagnosis, 5,152 (2.3% of FND, 0.76% of autism) had both FND and autism. The rates of autism were therefore 6 times higher in FND compared to the base rates of the TriNetX population. Most were diagnosed with autism before FND, with over one-third diagnosed in childhood. Functional seizures were the most common FND subtype, and were more frequent in FND\u2009+\u2009Autism than FND-only (adults: 52% vs. 44%; children: 47% vs. 42%). Comorbidity across all psychiatric conditions was significantly higher in FND\u2009+\u2009Autism compared to both comparison groups. ADHD was particularly elevated in FND\u2009+\u2009Autism (adults: 50% vs. 13% FND-only, 36% Autism-only; children: 64% vs. 21% FND-only, 41% Autism-only).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents the largest dataset to date characterising individuals with co-occurring FND and autism. Findings are consistent with previous findings of higher rates of autism in people with FND and reveal a potentially distinct clinical profile, marked by elevated rates of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidities, and increased occurrence of functional seizures compared to FND- or Autism-only groups. Recognising this overlap may improve diagnosis, clinical care, and understanding of mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of FND and autism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13385-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T17:15:43Z","timestamp":1758820543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Co-occurring functional neurological disorder and autism: an exploratory study of comorbidities in a retrospective cohort study using TriNetX"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9689-4806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lily","family":"Smythe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Asan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Happ\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"13385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334767","volume":"96","author":"SA Finkelstein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Finkelstein SA, Diamond C, Carson A, Stone J (2025) Incidence and prevalence of functional neurological disorder: a systematic review. 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