{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:08:20Z","timestamp":1790140100143,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Neuraxpharm Italy S.p.A."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ublituximab, a newly launched anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, represents a substantial advancement in the treatment landscape for relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). Its unique glycoengineered design enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, enabling rapid and effective B-cell depletion. Phase III randomized controlled trials ULTIMATE I and II confirmed superior efficacy of ublituximab over teriflunomide, achieving substantial reductions in annualized relapse rates, near-complete suppression of gadolinium-enhancing T1 lesions and new\/enlarging T2-hyperintense white matter lesions, as well as higher rates of no evidence of disease activity 3. Safety data indicate that ublituximab is generally well tolerated, with mild, manageable infusion-related reactions as the most common adverse event. Its streamlined infusion protocol, requiring maintenance doses administered in just 1\u00a0h twice a year, provides a practical solution to the clinical and logistical challenges of MS management. Its rapid B-cell depletion, high efficacy, and convenient twice-yearly short infusion regimen make it particularly suitable for treatment-na\u00efve patients with high disease activity who may benefit from early and robust disease control as well as for those who have experienced suboptimal responses, poor tolerability, or safety concerns with prior disease-modifying therapies. Although ublituximab shows great promise and five-year data are already available, further research is required to fully explore its potential in limiting disability progression and neurodegeneration, as well as to confirm its long-term safety. Real-world evidence, extended follow-ups, and comprehensive biomarker assessment specific to MS-related pathology will be essential to confirm its efficacy and optimize RMS patients\u2019 management. This review synthesizes discussions from two meetings of Italian Neurologists held in 2024 and 2025, focusing on efficacy and safety data of ublituximab, and providing a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of its current and future role in RMS treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13442-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T17:59:40Z","timestamp":1760723980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Efficacy and safety of ublituximab for relapsing multiple sclerosis patients: current evidence and expert opinion"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Preziosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Brescia Morra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Capobianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Gasperini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi M. E.","family":"Grimaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girolama A.","family":"Marfia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damiano","family":"Paolicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Perini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Torri Clerici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"13442_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0041-4","volume":"4","author":"M Filippi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Filippi M, Bar-Or A, Piehl F, Preziosa P, Solari A, Vukusic S et al (2018) Multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4(1):43","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"8","key":"13442_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00477-5","volume":"21","author":"L Bierhansl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bierhansl L, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Ruck T, Roden M, Meuth SG (2022) Thinking outside the box: non-canonical targets in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 21(8):578\u2013600","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"3","key":"13442_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02011-w","volume":"84","author":"AK Carlson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carlson AK, Amin M, Cohen JA (2024) Drugs targeting CD20 in multiple sclerosis: pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Drugs 84(3):285\u2013304","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"13442_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1004795","volume":"14","author":"J de Seze","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Seze J, Maillart E, Gueguen A, Laplaud DA, Michel L, Thouvenot E et al (2023) Anti-CD20 therapies in multiple sclerosis: from pathology to the clinic. Front Immunol 14:1004795","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13442_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12007-3","volume":"271","author":"SR Delgado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Delgado SR, Faissner S, Linker RA, Rammohan K (2024) Key characteristics of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and clinical implications for multiple sclerosis treatment. J Neurol 271(4):1515\u20131535","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13442_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10744-x","volume":"269","author":"M Margoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Margoni M, Preziosa P, Filippi M, Rocca MA (2022) Anti-CD20 therapies for multiple sclerosis: current status and future perspectives. J Neurol 269(3):1316\u20131334","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13442_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S388410","volume":"18","author":"SJ Martin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martin SJ, Guenette M, Oh J (2024) Evaluating the therapeutic potential of ublituximab in the treatment of MS: design, development and place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther 18:3025\u20133042","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"13442_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1517-1","volume":"16","author":"BM Arneth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arneth BM (2019) Impact of B cells to the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 16(1):128","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"9","key":"13442_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00843-8","volume":"35","author":"A Bar-Or","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bar-Or A, O\u2019Brien SM, Sweeney ML, Fox EJ, Cohen JA (2021) Clinical perspectives on the molecular and pharmacological attributes of anti-CD20 therapies for multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 35(9):985\u2013997","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"13442_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3871","volume":"15","author":"CA Dendrou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dendrou CA, Fugger L, Friese MA (2015) Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol 15(9):545\u2013558","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"13442_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021342118","volume":"118","author":"K Klasener","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klasener K, Jellusova J, Andrieux G, Salzer U, Bohler C, Steiner SN et al (2021) CD20 as a gatekeeper of the resting state of human B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118(7):e2021342118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"13442_CR12","unstructured":"Briumvi\u2014accessdata.fda.gov. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/761238s000lbl.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"13442_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560","volume":"83","author":"FD Lublin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Sorensen PS, Thompson AJ et al (2014) Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology 83(3):278\u2013286","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13442_CR14","unstructured":"Briumvi, INN-ublituximab\u2014EMA. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/briumvi-epar-product-information_en.pdf"},{"issue":"8","key":"13442_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201904","volume":"387","author":"L Steinman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steinman L, Fox E, Hartung HP, Alvarez E, Qian P, Wray S et al (2022) Ublituximab versus teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 387(8):704\u2013714","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"13442_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.021","volume":"97","author":"C Baecher-Allan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baecher-Allan C, Kaskow BJ, Weiner HL (2018) Multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and immunotherapy. Neuron 97(4):742\u2013768","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"13442_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1019124","volume":"28","author":"A Bar-Or","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bar-Or A (2008) The immunology of multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol 28(1):29\u201345","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"13442_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00498-5","volume":"17","author":"MT Cencioni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cencioni MT, Mattoscio M, Magliozzi R, Bar-Or A, Muraro PA (2021) B cells in multiple sclerosis\u2014from targeted depletion to immune reconstitution therapies. Nat Rev Neurol 17(7):399\u2013414","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"13442_CR19","first-page":"676","volume":"2","author":"P Boross","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boross P, Leusen JH (2012) Mechanisms of action of CD20 antibodies. Am J Cancer Res 2(6):676\u2013690","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"13442_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102787","volume":"49","author":"KR Cotchett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cotchett KR, Dittel BN, Obeidat AZ (2021) Comparison of the efficacy and safety of anti-CD20 B cells depleting drugs in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 49:102787","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"13442_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01252-5","volume":"19","author":"M Margoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Margoni M, Preziosa P, Tortorella P, Filippi M, Rocca MA (2022) Does ocrelizumab limit multiple sclerosis progression? Current evidence from clinical, MRI, and fluid biomarkers. Neurotherapeutics 19(4):1216\u20131228","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"13442_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520918375","volume":"27","author":"E Fox","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fox E, Lovett-Racke AE, Gormley M, Liu Y, Petracca M, Cocozza S et al (2021) A phase 2 multicenter study of ublituximab, a novel glycoengineered anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 27(3):420\u2013429","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"13442_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/011570159X392955250815095236","author":"M Margoni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Margoni M, Battistini L, Centonze D, Furlan R, Gasperini C, Filippi M (2025) Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ublituximab compared with other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies for multiple sclerosis treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/011570159X392955250815095236","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"13442_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2023.2268842","volume":"23","author":"D Jakimovski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jakimovski D, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R (2023) Ublituximab-xiiy as a treatment option for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 23(12):1053\u20131061","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"13442_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1473284","volume":"15","author":"E Alvarez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alvarez E, Steinman L, Fox EJ, Hartung HP, Qian P, Wray S et al (2024) Improvements in no evidence of disease activity with ublituximab vs. teriflunomide in the ULTIMATE phase 3 studies in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 15:1473284","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"13442_CR26","unstructured":"Alvarez E, Steinman L, Hartung HP, Fox EJ, Qian P, Wray S et al (eds) (2022) Ublituximab treatment is associated with a significant proportion of participants achieving NEDA-4. ECTRIMS 2022, Amsterdam, Poster P0684. Access date: 24 Jan 2025"},{"key":"13442_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez E, Steinman L, Hartung H-P, Fox E, Qian P, Wray S et al (2023) Disease outcomes with ublituximab in participants with highly active disease: subpopulation analyses of the phase 3 ULTIMATE I and II studies in participants with relapsing multiple sclerosis (P6\u20133.002). Neurology 100(17_supplement_2):3092","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000203014"},{"key":"13442_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson D, Hartung H-P, Arnold D, Lee L, Gocke A, Mok K et al (2024) Ublituximab significantly reduces radiological disease activity at 12 weeks: post-hoc analysis of participants with highly active disease in the ULTIMATE I and II phase 3 studies (P9\u20136.017). Neurology 102(7_supplement_1):6023","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206192"},{"key":"13442_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinman L, Fox E, Hartung H-P, Alvarez E, Qian P, Wray S et al (2023) Ublituximab efficacy in treatment-naive participants with relapsing multiple sclerosis in the phase 3 ULTIMATE I and II studies (P6\u20133.015). Neurology 100(17_supplement_2):3199","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000203095"},{"key":"13442_CR30","unstructured":"Arnold DL, Steinman L, Hartung HP, Selmaj K, Lee L, Campagnolo D et al (eds) (2023) Ublituximab reduces thalamic volume loss and new lesion formation in participants of the ULTIMATE I and II phase 3 studies. ECTRIMS 2023, Milan, Poster P0162. Access date: 24 Jan 2025"},{"key":"13442_CR31","unstructured":"Cree BAC, Fox EJ, Hartung HP, Alvarez E, Qian P, Wray S et al (eds) (2022) Functional systems scores and expanded disability status scale score evaluations in the ULTIMATE I and II studies of ublituximab versus teriflunomide in participants with relapsing multiple sclerosis. ECTRIMS 2022, Amsterdam, Poster P0290. Access date: 24 Jan 2025"},{"key":"13442_CR32","unstructured":"Wray S, Steinman L, Hartung HP, Fox EJ, Alvarez E, Qian P et al (eds) (2022) Disability changes in the absence of relapse in the phase 3 ULTIMATE I and II studies of ublituximab versus teriflunomide in participants with relapsing multiple sclerosis. ECTRIMS 2022, Amsterdam, Poster P0295. Access date: 24 Jan 2025"},{"key":"13442_CR33","unstructured":"Qureshi F, McCurdy S, Sheng E, Hu W, Ghoreyshi A, Hari A et al (eds) (2024) Comparison of multiple sclerosis disease activity (MSDA) test results between patients treated with ublituximab and teriflunomide in the phase 3 ULTIMATE I and II studies. ECTRIMS 2024, Copenhagen, Poster P1516. Access date: 24 Jan 2025"},{"key":"13442_CR34","unstructured":"Alvarez E, Steinman L, Fox E, Hartung H, Qian P, Wray S et al (2022) Neutralizing antibodies and antidrug antibodies in the ublituximab phase 3 ULTIMATE I and II studies in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J 28(1_Suppl):67"},{"issue":"7","key":"13442_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","volume":"358","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, Vollmer T, Antel J, Fox RJ et al (2008) B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 358(7):676\u2013688","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"13442_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21867","volume":"66","author":"K Hawker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hawker K, O\u2019Connor P, Freedman MS, Calabresi PA, Antel J, Simon J et al (2009) Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol 66(4):460\u2013471","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13442_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","volume":"376","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, Giovannoni G, Hartung HP, Hemmer B et al (2017) Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 376(3):221\u2013234","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"13442_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468","volume":"376","author":"X Montalban","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, Arnold DL, Bar-Or A, Comi G et al (2017) Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 376(3):209\u2013220","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"13442_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917246","volume":"383","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Cohen JA, Comi G, Correale J, Coyle PK et al (2020) Ofatumumab versus teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 383(6):546\u2013557","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13442_CR40","unstructured":"Cree BAC, Fox E, Hartung HP, Alvarez E, Qian P, Wray S et al (eds) (2024) Five years of ublituximab in relapsing multiple sclerosis: results from the open-label extension of ULTIMATE I and II studies. ECTRIMS 2024, Copenhagen, Poster P0324. Access date: 24 Jan 2025"},{"key":"13442_CR41","unstructured":"Foley J, Miller T, Wray S, Belkin M, Pardo G, Calkwood J et al (eds) (2024) Efficacy and tolerability of ublituximab after transitioning from a different disease-modifying therapy: updates from the ENHANCE study. ECTRIMS 2024, Copanhagen, Poster P0329. Access date: 24 Jan 2025"},{"issue":"14","key":"13442_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014656","volume":"365","author":"P O'Connor","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor P, Wolinsky JS, Confavreux C, Comi G, Kappos L, Olsson TP et al (2011) Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 365(14):1293\u20131303","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"13442_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512450354","volume":"18","author":"AE Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller AE, O\u2019Connor P, Wolinsky JS, Confavreux C, Kappos L, Olsson TP et al (2012) Pre-specified subgroup analyses of a placebo-controlled phase III trial (TEMSO) of oral teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 18(11):1625\u20131632","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"13442_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70308-9","volume":"13","author":"C Confavreux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Confavreux C, O\u2019Connor P, Comi G, Freedman MS, Miller AE, Olsson TP et al (2014) Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 13(3):247\u2013256","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13442_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000390","volume":"4","author":"EW Radue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Radue EW, Sprenger T, Gaetano L, Mueller-Lenke N, Cavalier S, Thangavelu K et al (2017) Teriflunomide slows BVL in relapsing MS: a reanalysis of the TEMSO MRI data set using SIENA. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 4(5):e390","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"13442_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209444","volume":"103","author":"O Ciccarelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ciccarelli O, Barkhof F, Calabrese M, De Stefano N, Eshaghi A, Filippi M et al (2024) Using the progression independent of relapse activity framework to unveil the pathobiological foundations of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 103(1):e209444","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13442_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514564494","volume":"21","author":"N De Stefano","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Stefano N, Arnold DL (2015) Towards a better understanding of pseudoatrophy in the brain of multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 21(6):675\u2013676","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1","key":"13442_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26913","volume":"96","author":"M Calabrese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calabrese M, Preziosa P, Scalfari A, Colato E, Marastoni D, Absinta M et al (2024) Determinants and biomarkers of progression independent of relapses in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 96(1):1\u201320","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"13442_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1953983","volume":"21","author":"P Preziosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preziosa P, Filippi M, Rocca MA (2021) Chronic active lesions: a new MRI biomarker to monitor treatment effect in multiple sclerosis? Expert Rev Neurother 21(8):837\u2013841","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"9","key":"13442_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1555038","volume":"19","author":"MA Rocca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rocca MA, Preziosa P, Filippi M (2019) Application of advanced MRI techniques to monitor pharmacologic and rehabilitative treatment in multiple sclerosis: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother 19(9):835\u2013866","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"5","key":"13442_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2018.1466767","volume":"10","author":"NA Pereira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pereira NA, Chan KF, Lin PC, Song Z (2018) The, \u201cless-is-more\u201d in therapeutic antibodies: afucosylated anti-cancer antibodies with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. MAbs 10(5):693\u2013711","journal-title":"MAbs"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13442-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13442-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13442-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T01:05:09Z","timestamp":1761699909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13442-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["13442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13442-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"P. Preziosa received speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genzyme, Horizon, and Sanofi; he has received research support from Italian Ministry of Health and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. V. Brescia Morra has received research grants from the Italian MS Society and Roche, and honoraria from Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. M. Capobianco received speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, Alexion, and Sanofi. He received research support from Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. He received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Neuraxpharm. C. Gasperini received honoraria for speaking and travel grants from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Bristol Mayer, Roche, Viatris, Sanofi, Sandoz, Astra Zeneca, and Almirall. L.M.E. Grimaldi has nothing to disclose. G.A. Marfia is an Advisory Board member of Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, BMS-Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis, Neuraxpharm, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and Roche and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Alexion, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, BMS-Celgene, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Mylan. She is also the principal investigator in clinical trials for Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and BMS-Celgene. Her clinical research was supported by grants from Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. D. Paolicelli has served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Merck, Sandoz, Sanofi, and Biogen and received speaker honoraria and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Biogen, Sandoz, Roche, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi, Alexion. P. Perini received speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Alexion, and Sanofi. V. Torri Clerici acted as an Advisory Board member of Novartis, Lundbeck, Amgen, Merck, Roche, Genzyme, Neuraxapharm, and Almirall and received funding for traveling and honoraria for speaking or writing from Biogen, Novartis, Genzyme, Roche, Merck, Bristol Meyer Squibb, Jansenn, and Almirall. She received support for research project by Almirall. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the\n                      Journal of Neurology\n                      , Associate Editor of\n                      Human Brain Mapping\n                      ,\n                      Neurological Sciences,\n                      and\n                      Radiology\n                      , received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA, participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}],"article-number":"707"}}