{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:09:18Z","timestamp":1792066158237,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13495-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:31:33Z","timestamp":1762875093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of anti-LGI1 autoimmune encephalitis outcome rating score using the Rasch analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranjal","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen K.","family":"Paramasivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eoin P.","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Britton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Zekeridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Sebastian","family":"Lopez-Chiriboga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Valencia Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"McKeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean J.","family":"Pittock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Sadjadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6865-9045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divyanshu","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"13495_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70137-X","volume":"9","author":"M Lai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lai M, Huijbers MG, Lancaster E et al (2010) Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: a case series. Lancet Neurol 9(8):776\u2013785","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"14","key":"13495_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003173","volume":"87","author":"A van Sonderen","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Sonderen A, Thijs RD, Coenders EC et al (2016) Anti-LGI1 encephalitis: clinical syndrome and long-term follow-up. Neurology 87(14):1449\u20131456","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"13495_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22307","volume":"69","author":"SR Irani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Irani SR, Michell AW, Lang B et al (2011) Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol 69(5):892\u2013900","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13495_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200228","volume":"11","author":"L Campetella","year":"2024","unstructured":"Campetella L, Farina A, Villagr\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda M et al (2024) Predictors and clinical characteristics of relapses in LGI1-antibody encephalitis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 11(3):e200228","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"13495_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx323","volume":"141","author":"J Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson J, Bi M, Murchison AG et al (2018) The importance of early immunotherapy in patients with faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Brain 141(2):348\u2013356","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"20","key":"13495_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000326572.93762.51","volume":"71","author":"SR Irani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Irani SR, Buckley C, Vincent A et al (2008) Immunotherapy-responsive seizure-like episodes with potassium channel antibodies. Neurology 71(20):1647\u20131648","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"13495_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327302","volume":"93","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodriguez A, Klein CJ, Sechi E et al (2022) LGI1 antibody encephalitis: acute treatment comparisons and outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 93(3):309\u2013315","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"13495_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213487","volume":"104","author":"H Abboud","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abboud H, Clardy SL, Dubey D et al (2025) The clinical trial landscape in autoimmune encephalitis: challenges and opportunities. Neurology 104(8):e213487","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"13495_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25421","volume":"85","author":"JA Lim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lim JA, Lee ST, Moon J et al (2019) Development of the clinical assessment scale in autoimmune encephalitis. Ann Neurol 85(3):352\u2013358","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13495_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0477","volume":"78","author":"SNM Binks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Binks SNM, Veldsman M, Easton A et al (2021) Residual fatigue and cognitive deficits in patients after leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 antibody encephalitis. JAMA Neurol 78(5):617\u2013619","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13495_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52006","volume":"11","author":"SNM Binks","year":"2024","unstructured":"Binks SNM, Veldsman M, Handel AE et al (2024) Fatigue predicts quality of life after leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1-antibody encephalitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 11(4):1053\u20131058","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13495_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70006","volume":"12","author":"MJ Kelly","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kelly MJ, Wagner B, Ceronie B et al (2025) Capturing what matters: Patient-reported LGI1-ANTibody encephalitis outcome rating scale (LANTERN). Ann Clin Transl Neurol 12(4):821\u2013831","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13495_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12122","volume":"20","author":"EK Vanhoutte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vanhoutte EK, Hermans MC, Faber CG et al (2015) Rasch-ionale for neurologists. J Peripher Nerv Syst 20(3):260\u2013268","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"13495_CR14","unstructured":"Bond TG, Fox GM. Applying the Rasch model: fundamental measurement in the human sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah"},{"issue":"12","key":"13495_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii","DOI":"10.3310\/hta13120","volume":"13","author":"J Hobart","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hobart J, Cano S (2009) Improving the evaluation of therapeutic interventions in multiple sclerosis: the role of new psychometric methods. Health Technol Assess 13(12):iii\u2013177","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"11 Suppl 3","key":"13495_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000245426.10853.30","volume":"44","author":"RF DeVellis","year":"2006","unstructured":"DeVellis RF (2006) Classical test theory. Med Care 44(11 Suppl 3):S50\u2013S59","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"13495_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304701","volume":"84","author":"F Franchignoni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Franchignoni F, Mora G, Giordano A, Volanti P, Chi\u00f2 A (2013) Evidence of multidimensionality in the ALSFRS-R scale: a critical appraisal on its measurement properties using Rasch analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84(12):1340\u20131345","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"13495_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12084","volume":"19","author":"R Sadjadi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sadjadi R, Reilly MM, Shy ME et al (2014) Psychometrics evaluation of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy score (CMTNSv2) second version, using Rasch analysis. J Peripher Nerv Syst 19(3):192\u2013196","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"13495_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.07.009","volume":"323","author":"D Dubey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dubey D, Kothapalli N, McKeon A et al (2018) Predictors of neural-specific autoantibodies and immunotherapy response in patients with cognitive dysfunction. J Neuroimmunol 323:62\u201372","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13495_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169878","volume":"12","author":"W Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang W, Guedj M, Bertrand V et al (2017) A Rasch analysis of the charcot-marie-tooth neuropathy score (CMTNS) in a cohort of Charcot-Marie-tooth type 1A patients. PLoS One. 12(1):e0169878","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"9","key":"13495_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.151340","volume":"81","author":"RJ Mills","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mills RJ, Young CA, Pallant JF, Tennant A (2010) Rasch analysis of the modified fatigue impact scale (MFIS) in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81(9):1049\u20131051","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"13495_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200301","volume":"14","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Gupta P, Smith KM et al (2024) Seizure-related falls and near falls in LGI1-IgG autoimmune encephalitis. Neurol Clin Pract 14(3):e200301","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"13495_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24979","volume":"82","author":"A Gadoth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gadoth A, Pittock SJ, Dubey D et al (2017) Expanded phenotypes and outcomes among 256 LGI1\/CASPR2-IgG-positive patients. Ann Neurol 82(1):79\u201392","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13495_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab297","volume":"45","author":"MF Devine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Devine MF, Feemster JC, Lieske EA et al (2022) Objective sleep profile in LGI1\/CASPR2 autoimmunity. Sleep 45(2):zsab297","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"13495_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00463-5","volume":"23","author":"A Mu\u00f1oz-Lopetegi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Lopetegi A, Guasp M, Prades L et al (2024) Neurological, psychiatric, and sleep investigations after treatment of anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) encephalitis in Spain: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 23(3):256\u2013266","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13495-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13495-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13495-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T15:30:24Z","timestamp":1765812624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13495-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13495-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"E.P.F. has served on advisory boards for Roche\/Genentech, and he is a site principal investigator and a member of the steering committee for a clinical trial of satralizumab for relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease run by Roche\/Genentech; A.Z. has received research funding from Roche and the Mayo Clinic Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology relevant to this work. Roche funded this project; S.L.C. has served on advisory boards for Roche\/Genentech; A.M. has consulted for Roche\/Genentech, without personal compensation; S.J.P. has received personal compensation for serving as a consultant and for serving on scientific advisory boards or data safety monitoring boards for Roche\/Genentech; he also received research support from Roche\/Genentech; D.D. has consulted for UCB, Immunovant, Argenx, Arialys, and Astellas Pharmaceuticals. All compensation for consulting activities is paid directly to Mayo Clinic. He is a named inventor on a filed patent that relates to KLHL11 as a marker of autoimmunity and germ cell tumors. He has patents pending for LUZP4-IgG, cavin-4-IgG, and SKOR2-IgG as markers of neurological autoimmunity. He has received funding from the DOD (CA210208, AL240239, and PR220430), David J. Tomassoni ALS Research Grant Program, and UCB. All other authors report no disclosure relevant to the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"757"}}