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This embodiment framework has clinical relevance in neurodegenerative disorders and suggests potential for emotion-based modulation of gait.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed and tested a range of emotion-specific gait videos to assess whether healthy individuals could correctly recognize different emotions, in order to identify standardized stimuli for future research on emotion recognition and embodied simulation in neurological patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We created a video questionnaire featuring an actress walking with gait patterns meant to convey eight emotions: happiness, surprise, fear, anxiety, disgust, sadness, anger, and neutral. Her facial expressions were either visible or blurred to focus attention on body movements. Participants selected the recognized emotion from a list and rated its valence and intensity. Recognition accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, valence, and intensity scores were used to identify the most effective video for each emotion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>110 healthy subjects (aged 25\u201340\u00a0years) participated in the questionnaire. Most emotions\u2014neutral, happiness, sadness, fear, and anger\u2014were recognized with high accuracy (&gt;\u200990%), specificity and sensitivity in blurred-face videos. Disgust and surprise were harder to identify, and anxiety was often confused with fear. Valence and intensity ratings aligned with the intended emotions for both blurred and visible faces, although they were generally higher for visible facial expressions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study validates emotional gait videos as reliable stimuli for emotion recognition in healthy adults, laying the groundwork for their use in research on emotional embodiment in neurological disorders. These stimuli offer a tool for exploring emotion\u2013gait interactions and developing emotion-based neurorehabilitation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13519-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T17:39:18Z","timestamp":1763487558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The language of gait: interpreting emotional states through gait videos"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Putzolu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Sarasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Canu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gardoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Ravizzotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Mezzarobba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Basaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Avanzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3121-4979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Agosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Pelosin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"13519_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3357-4","volume":"225","author":"A Barliya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barliya A, Omlor L, Giese MA, Berthoz A, Flash T (2013) Expression of emotion in the kinematics of locomotion. 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E.S., S.B., and E.C. have received research supports form the Italian Ministry of Health. M.P. work was supported by #NEXTGENERATIONEU (NGEU) and funded by the Ministry of University and Research (MUR), National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), project MNESYS (PE0000006)\u2014A Multiscale integrated approach to the study of the nervous system in health and disease (DN. 1553 11.10.2022). L.A. has received speaker honoraria from Zambon and Bial and received research supports (Grants) from the EU Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) (2022 call) and Michael J. Fox Foundation (Fall 2022 biomarkers to support therapeutic trials program). She received research support from FRESCO foundation and the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Finalizzata 2022 and 5X1000). M.F. is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Cel-gene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neo-pharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. F.A. is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical, has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Italfarmaco, Roche, Zambon, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare and Bristol Myers Squibb, and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council, the EU Joint Programme\u2014Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France). E.P. is part of an Advisory Board for M.J. Fox Foundation. She has received grants from Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN 2022) and Michael J. Fox Foundation (Fall 2022 biomarkers to support therapeutic trials program), and research supports from Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Finalizzata 2022 and 5X1000).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the institutional ethical committee of the University of Genova (CERA 2023\/02). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the experimental session, and the study was conducted adhering to the Declaration of Helsinki standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"770"}}