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While its efficacy and safety are well established in children, data in adults remain limited. This review summarizes current evidence on risdiplam use in the adult SMA population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically reviewed PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library up to September 2025 for studies including risdiplam-treated adults (\u2265\u200918\u00a0years). Outcomes were summarized across motor, bulbar, respiratory, patient-reported, safety, and adherence domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen studies (&gt;\u2009200 adults, mainly SMA types 2 and 3) were included. Most participants were non-ambulant and treatment na\u00efve. Motor function was generally stable, with modest yet significant improvements on RULM, HFMSE, or MFM-32, particularly among younger\/less severely affected adults. Swallowing, speech, and fatigue often improved even in advanced disease. Patient-reported outcomes consistently indicated perceived gains in quality of life across all phenotypes. Adverse events were mostly mild and transient\u2014mainly gastrointestinal symptoms, photosensitivity, or liver enzyme elevations\u2014with very few temporary discontinuations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Risdiplam shows a favorable safety profile and provides both disease stabilization and multidimensional benefits across all functional phenotypes in adults with SMA, although further longitudinal studies using standardized outcome measures are needed to clarify its long-term impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13557-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T03:45:24Z","timestamp":1765165524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Safety and effectiveness of risdiplam in adults with spinal muscular atrophy: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Alonge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Urbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6563-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Gadaleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"13557_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00380-8","volume":"8","author":"E Mercuri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mercuri E, Sumner CJ, Muntoni F, Darras BT, Finkel RS (2022) Spinal muscular atrophy. 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