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Patients were categorized into the following groups: (1) low-efficacy DMT (leDMT; n\u2009=\u20098), (2) natalizumab standard-interval dosing (SID; every 4\u00a0weeks; n\u2009=\u20097), (3) natalizumab EID (every 6\u20138\u00a0weeks; n\u2009=\u200953), (4) ofatumumab (n\u2009=\u200917), (5) ocrelizumab SID (every 6\u00a0months; n\u2009=\u200948), (6) ocrelizumab EID (every 9\u00a0months; n\u2009=\u200917), and (7) no DMT (n\u2009=\u200919). sNfL levels were measured once in a cross-sectional design using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0No significant differences in sNfL levels were observed across DMT subgroups in the ANCOVA analysis after adjusting for age and the presence of new T2 lesions on the most recent cranial MRI. However, PwMS receiving DMTs showed lower sNfL levels compared with untreated patients. Notably EID of ocrelizumab (every 9\u00a0months; 1.56\u00a0pg\/mL, 95% CI 1.26\u20131.85) and natalizumab (every 8\u00a0weeks; 1.46\u00a0pg\/mL, 95% CI 1.29\u20131.64) was not associated with higher sNfL levels compared to standard interval dosing (SID) of ocrelizumab (1.45\u00a0pg\/mL, 95% CI 1.27\u20131.63) or natalizumab (1.13\u00a0pg\/mL, 95% CI 0.68\u20131.58).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0EID regimens were not associated with increased sNfL levels, suggesting that they may effectively limit neuroaxonal damage. Larger studies that assess the added value sNfL monitoring for safely personalizing treatment intervals in PwMS with initially active disease are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13573-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T17:10:00Z","timestamp":1766164200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Serum neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of disease control in multiple sclerosis: a real-world cross-sectional analysis of therapeutic regimens"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7296-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agni M.","family":"Konitsioti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finja","family":"Schweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wibke","family":"Johannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gereon R.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schroeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Warnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"13573_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","volume":"26","author":"C Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton C, King R, Rechtman L et al (2020) Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. 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