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Cognitive performance was assessed using Rao\u2019s brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests, compared to HC using confounder-adjusted linear regressions. CImp was defined as performing two standard deviations below the HC mean in any subtest. RR for CImp was calculated using generalized linear models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated cognitive performance of 21 pwMOGAD and 25 HC. CImp was additionally determined in 43 pwAQP4+NMOSD and 15 pwdsNMOSD. PwMOGAD performed worse on Selective Reminding Test, and the symbol digit modalities test compared to HC. Adjusted RR for CImp were 1.9 (95% CI 0.9\u20134.1) in pwMOGAD, 1.9 (95% CI 1.0\u20133.9) in pwAQP4+NMOSD and 2.1 (95% CI 0.9\u20134.6) in pwdsNMOSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>pwMOGAD performed worse in information processing speed, verbal learning, storage and retrieval compared to HC. RR for CImp in pwMOGAD compared to HC was similar to that estimated for pwAQP4+NMOSD and pwdsNMOSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13582-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T08:39:20Z","timestamp":1767688760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cognitive function in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9600-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekka","family":"Rust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Asseyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Rekers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Finke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederike Cosima","family":"Oertel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Ruprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Jarius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Wildemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velina","family":"Chavarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Schmitz-H\u00fcbsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedemann","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia Sophie","family":"Sperber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"13582_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1144-2","author":"S Jarius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jarius S, Paul F, Aktas O, Asgari N, Dale RC, de Seze J et al (2018) MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing. 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RR reports funding by Novartis unrelated to this project. SA has received speaker\u2019s honoraria from Amgen, Alexion, Roche Pharma AG, and Bayer AG. She has received research grants from Novartis, Roche, Berlin Institute of Health and Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin. PS received speaker\u2019s honoraria by Roche, received speaker\u2019s honoraria and travel support by UCB, and received speaker\u2019s honoraria and served on an advisory board by Alexion. CC has received research support from Novartis and Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, is a Standing Committee on Science Member for the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and is a part of a consortium funded by the U.S. Department of Defense; unrelated to this study. SR reported grants from the German Ministry of Education and Research. CF reports no conflicts of interests. FCO reports current research grants by the Hertie foundation, German ME\/CFS foundation, Novartis and UCB\u2014not related to this project. Past fellowship support by the American Academy of Neurology and the National MS Society (until 2023). Past research grant by the DGN (Germany Neurology Association) and DFG-TWAS program. Speaker honoraria by UCB and Novartis. Travel support by Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, European Committee for Research and Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis and American Academy of Neurology. Academic editor at DGNeurologie and Neurological Research & Practice. Board member at the IMSVISUAL consortium. KR received research support from Novartis, Merck Serono, German Ministry of Education and Research, European Union (821283-2), Stiftung Charit\u00e9, Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation, and Arthur Arnstein Foundation; received speaker\u2019s honoraria from Virion Serion and Novartis. SJ reports no conflicts of interest. BW reported grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), German Ministry of Education and Research, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg Ministry for Science, Research and Art, Dietmar Hopp Foundation, Klaus Tschira Foundation, grants and personal fees from Merck, Novartis, and personal fees from Alexion, INSTAND, Roche; none related to this study. MR reports no conflict of interests. KS reports no conflict of interests. VC reports no conflicts of interests. TSH received research support by Celgene\/bms and speaker\u2019s honoraria by Bayer. FP received research support from Neurosciences Clinical Research Center, German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Einstein Foundation, Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, EU FP7 Framework Program, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Bayer, Roche, Parexel and Almirall; honoraria for lectures, presentations and speaker honoraria from Guthy Jackson Foundation, Bayer, Biogen, Merck Serono, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Viela Bio, Roche, UCB, Mitsubishi Tanabe and Celgene; received compensation for serving on a scientific advisory board of Celgene, Roche, UCB and Merck; and is an Academic Editor of PLos One and Associate Editor of Neurology\u00ae Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation; all unrelated to the presented work. PSS reports no conflicts of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"All participants gave written informed consent prior to participation in the NMO cohort study. The cohort was approved by the local ethics committee (EA1\/041\/14) and was conducted in line with guidelines framed by the declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standard"}}],"article-number":"61"}}