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There were significant differences between countries in women\u2019s pre-stroke mRS: 0\u20131 (women: Switzerland: 73.6%\/Poland: 62.9%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -all\/women\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and BMI (women: Switzerland: 24.2\/Poland: 27.9\/Ukraine: 29.3;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -women\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Stroke severity differed overall and between sexes (median NIHSS women: Switzerland: 4\/Poland: 13\/Ukraine: 7, men: Switzerland: 4\/Poland: 9\/Ukraine: 7;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -all\u2009&lt;\u20090.001;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -women\/men\u2009=\u20090.005). Atrial fibrillation was more common in women (women: Switzerland: 31.3%\/Poland: 57.4%\/Ukraine: 47.7%) vs. men (men: Switzerland: 26.1%\/Poland: 31.8%\/Ukraine: 32.4%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -all\u2009=\u20090.006\/\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -women\u2009=\u20090.002), as was arterial hypertension (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -all\/women\/men\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with the highest rates in Ukraine (all: 87.2%). Smoking status differed significantly overall (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -all\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with the lowest rates in Ukrainian women (never smokers: 96.5%) and highest in Swiss men (active smokers: 40.7%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Initial neuroimaging differed significantly by country, with the highest MRI use in Swiss women (women: Switzerland: 49.6%\/Poland: 14.8%\/Ukraine: 16.3%), highest CT use in Ukrainian men (men: Switzerland: 25.8%\/Poland: 45.9%\/Ukraine: 72.5%) and lowest use of both modalities in Ukraine (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -all\/women\/men\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Therapy (IVT\/EVT\/craniectomy\/conservative) also differed significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -all\/women\/men\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with conservative therapy most common in Ukraine (women: 96.5%\/men: 94.1%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      3-month excellent outcome was significantly higher in Swiss vs. Ukrainian women (adjusted-OR-Swiss\u2013Ukrainian-women\u2009=\u20092.96; adjusted-\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -women\u2009=\u20090.015). 3-month mortality did not differ significantly. 3-month smoking rates were higher in Switzerland vs. Ukraine (adjusted-OR-Swiss\u2013Ukrainian-women\u2009=\u20099; adjusted-\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -Swiss\u2013Ukrainian-women\u2009=\u20090.05; adjusted-OR-Swiss\u2013Ukrainian-men\u2009=\u20099.75; adjusted-\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -Swiss\u2013Ukrainian-men\u2009=\u20090.004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Swiss versus Ukrainian women were three times more likely to achieve excellent 3-month outcomes, associated with disparities in prevention strategies. These findings highlight the need for sex-, gender-, and socioeconomic-specific approaches to stroke prevention, with tailored interventions to reduce inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13616-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:58:16Z","timestamp":1771311496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex differences in baseline characteristics, stroke care, and outcomes across socioeconomic settings: a multicentre study from Switzerland, Poland, and Ukraine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2028-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Berger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helly","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marino","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Lowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andriy","family":"Yagensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Scutelnic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kateryna","family":"Antonenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Biletska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Karaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakan","family":"Sarikaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Zdrojewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Klymiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio LA.","family":"Bassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Yashchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Chwojnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Saner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam R.","family":"Heldner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"13616_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0","volume":"20","author":"GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators","year":"2021","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators (2021) Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. 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KA reports grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, partly related to the submitted work. All other co-authors report no disclosures directly related to this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Bernese stroke registry was approved by the local ethics committee (KEK Bern 2016-01905) for quality control and research. Informed consent for study participation was waived by the ethics committee, and patients were informed about the registry and the potential use of their data for research. In accordance with the Swiss law, patients who refused the use of their data for research were excluded from the analysis. For patients from Poland and Ukraine, the study protocol and supporting material were approved by the local ethics committee and each patient signed a consent form for the use of their data for research. This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and data analyses followed STROBE reporting guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"147"}}