{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:34:58Z","timestamp":1783110898735,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hunan Innovative Province Construction Project","award":["2021SK1010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SK1010"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Innovative Province Construction Project","award":["2023JJ10098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ10098"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Innovative Province Construction Project","award":["2023SK2037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SK2037"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82327805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82327805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13617-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T19:13:27Z","timestamp":1767899607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Survival and related factors in patients with Parkinson's disease: a multicenter prospective cohort study in China"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Tingwei","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linghui","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jifeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beisha","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene X. Y.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Movement Disorders Multicenter Database, Collaborative Network in China (PD-MDCNC)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beisha","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jifeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhentao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"13617_CR1","unstructured":"(2018) Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 17(11):939\u2013953"},{"issue":"7","key":"13617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e464","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(24)00094-1","volume":"5","author":"J Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu J, Cui Y, Zhang J et al (2024) Temporal trends in the prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease from 1980 to 2023: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev 5(7):e464\u2013e479","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"13617_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang W, Hamilton JL, Kopil C, et al (2020) Current and projected future economic burden of Parkinson's disease in the U.S. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 6:15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-0117-1"},{"issue":"13","key":"13617_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25898","volume":"29","author":"AD Macleod","year":"2014","unstructured":"Macleod AD, Taylor KSM, Counsell CE (2014) Mortality in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord 29(13):1615\u20131622","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"13617_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171257","volume":"8","author":"AM Keener","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keener AM, Paul KC, Folle A, Bronstein JM, Ritz B (2018) Cognitive impairment and mortality in a population-based Parkinson\u2019s disease cohort. J Parkinsons Dis 8(2):353\u2013362","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"13617_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10537","volume":"18","author":"P-A Fall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fall P-A, Saleh A, Fredrickson M, Olsson J-E, Gran\u00e9rus A-K (2003) Survival time, mortality, and cause of death in elderly patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a 9-year follow-up. Mov Disord 18(11):1312\u20131316","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"13617_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.4.507","volume":"57","author":"L Morgante","year":"2000","unstructured":"Morgante L, Salemi G, Meneghini F et al (2000) Parkinson disease survival: a population-based study. Arch Neurol 57(4):507\u2013512","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13617_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.12.011","volume":"21","author":"LP Oosterveld","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oosterveld LP, Allen JC, Reinoso G et al (2015) Prognostic factors for early mortality in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 21(3):226\u2013230","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"13617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2370","volume":"69","author":"AW Willis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Willis AW, Schootman M, Kung N, Evanoff BA, Perlmutter JS, Racette BA (2012) Predictors of survival in patients with Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 69(5):601\u2013607","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13617_CR10","first-page":"40","volume":"51","author":"DR Hristova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hristova DR (2009) Standardized mortality ratio and seasonal fluctuations of mortality in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 51(2):40\u201345","journal-title":"Folia Med (Plovdiv)"},{"issue":"11","key":"13617_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2016.07.022","volume":"147","author":"A Santurt\u00fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santurt\u00fan A, Delgado-Alvarado M, Villar A, Riancho J (2016) [Geographical distribution of mortality by Parkinson\u2019s disease and its association with air lead levels in Spain]. Med Clin (Barc) 147(11):481\u2013487","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"2","key":"13617_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000110914","volume":"11","author":"N Vanacore","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vanacore N, Bonifati V, Bellatreccia A, Edito F, Meco G (1992) Mortality rates for Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism in Italy (1969-1987). Neuroepidemiology 11(2):65\u201373","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13617_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)05371-9","volume":"150","author":"DJ Lanska","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lanska DJ (1997) The geographic distribution of Parkinson\u2019s disease mortality in the United States. J Neurol Sci 150(1):63\u201370","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"13617_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1995.tb07013.x","volume":"91","author":"Y Imaizumi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Imaizumi Y (1995) Geographical variations in mortality from Parkinson\u2019s disease in Japan, 1977-1985. Acta Neurol Scand 91(5):311\u2013316","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"13617_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.05.012","volume":"55","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang C, Wang Y et al (2018) Mortality from Parkinson\u2019s disease in China: Findings from a ten-year follow up study in Shanghai. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 55:75\u201380","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"13617_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02899-5","volume":"22","author":"S Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang S, Li T, Zhou T et al (2022) Survival in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a ten-year follow-up study in northern China. BMC Neurol 22(1):367","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13617_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22934","volume":"25","author":"A Diem-Zangerl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Diem-Zangerl A, Seppi K, Oberaigner W, Poewe W (2010) Mortality in Parkinson\u2019s disease, a 20-year follow-up study. Mov Disord 25(5):661\u2013662","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"13617_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26060","volume":"30","author":"B Pinter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinter B, Diem-Zangerl A, Wenning GK et al (2015) Mortality in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a 38-year follow-up study. Mov Disord 30(2):266\u2013269","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"13617_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.3.293","volume":"58","author":"Y Ben-Shlomo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ben-Shlomo Y, Marmot MG (1995) Survival and cause of death in a cohort of patients with parkinsonism: possible clues to aetiology? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58(3):293\u2013299","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"13617_CR20","volume":"5","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Molsberry SA, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A, Gao X (2022) Association of diet and physical activity with all-cause mortality among adults with Parkinson Disease. JAMA Netw Open 5(8):e2227738","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"13617_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0603","volume":"74","author":"R Savica","year":"2017","unstructured":"Savica R, Grossardt BR, Bower JH et al (2017) Survival and causes of death among people with clinically diagnosed synucleinopathies with Parkinsonism: a population-based study. JAMA Neurol 74(7):839\u2013846","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"13617_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29037","volume":"37","author":"X Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou X, Liu Z, Zhou X et al (2022) The Chinese Parkinson\u2019s Disease Registry (CPDR): study design and baseline patient characteristics. Mov Disord 37(7):1335\u20131345","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"13617_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12893","volume":"7","author":"F Hulzinga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hulzinga F, Nieuwboer A, Dijkstra BW et al (2020) The new freezing of gait questionnaire: unsuitable as an outcome in clinical trials? Mov Disord Clin Pract 7(2):199\u2013205","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"13617_CR24","volume":"7","author":"I Arevalo-Rodriguez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Smailagic N, Roqu\u00e9-Figuls M et al (2021) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the early detection of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7(7):CD010783","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"13617_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab005","volume":"50","author":"Z Huo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huo Z, Lin J, Bat BKK, Chan JYC, Tsoi KKF, Yip BHK (2021) Diagnostic accuracy of dementia screening tools in the Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 167 diagnostic studies. Age Ageing 50(4):1093\u20131101","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"3","key":"13617_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) Mini-mental state\". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12(3):189\u2013198","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"13617_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.03.020","volume":"15","author":"S-S Shen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shen S-S, Shen Y, Xiong K-P et al (2014) Validation study of REM sleep behavior disorder questionnaire-Hong Kong (RBDQ-HK) in east China. Sleep Med 15(8):952\u2013958","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"13617_CR28","first-page":"S263","volume":"63","author":"S Hewlett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hewlett S, Dures E, Almeida C (2011) Measures of fatigue: Bristol Rheumatoid Arthritis Fatigue Multi-Dimensional Questionnaire (BRAF MDQ), Bristol Rheumatoid Arthritis Fatigue Numerical Rating Scales (BRAF NRS) for severity, effect, and coping, Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ), Checklist Individual Strength (CIS20R and CIS8R), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Functional Assessment Chronic Illness Therapy (Fatigue) (FACIT-F), Multi-Dimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF), Multi-Dimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), Pediatric Quality Of Life (PedsQL) Multi-Dimensional Fatigue Scale, Profile of Fatigue (ProF), Short Form 36 Vitality Subscale (SF-36 VT), and Visual Analog Scales (VAS). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 63(Suppl 11):S263\u2013S286","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"13617_CR29","unstructured":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Movement Disorders Group NB (2014) Chinese Medical Association. Chinese guidelines for theTreatment of Parkinson\u2032s disease (third edition) [in Chinese]. Chin J Neurol 47(6):428\u2013432"},{"issue":"16","key":"13617_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3654","volume":"311","author":"BS Connolly","year":"2014","unstructured":"Connolly BS, Lang AE (2014) Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA 311(16):1670\u20131683","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"13617_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.62","volume":"18","author":"AHV Schapira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schapira AHV, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P (2017) Non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 18(7):435\u2013450","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"13617_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00456-6","volume":"9","author":"H Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan H, Liu Z, Ma J et al (2023) Genome-wide association study using whole-genome sequencing identifies risk loci for Parkinson\u2019s disease in Chinese population. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 9(1):22","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"13617_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29314","volume":"38","author":"SC Parlar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parlar SC, Grenn FP, Kim JJ, Baluwendraat C, Gan-Or Z (2023) Classification of GBA1 variants in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the GBA1-PD browser. Mov Disord 38(3):489\u2013495","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"13617_CR34","volume":"363","author":"ERC Millett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Millett ERC, Peters SAE, Woodward M (2018) Sex differences in risk factors for myocardial infarction: cohort study of UK Biobank participants. BMJ 363:k4247","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"22","key":"13617_CR35","first-page":"e2559","volume":"92","author":"B Lau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lau B, Meier N, Serra G et al (2019) Axial symptoms predict mortality in patients with Parkinson disease and subthalamic stimulation. Neurology 92(22):e2559\u2013e2570","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13617_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(86)80005-1","volume":"88","author":"PP Ashok","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ashok PP, Radhakrishnan K, Sridharan R, Mousa ME (1986) Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Benghazi, North-East Libya. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 88(2):109\u2013113","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"13617_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt010","volume":"178","author":"D Madigan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Madigan D, Ryan PB, Schuemie M et al (2013) Evaluating the impact of database heterogeneity on observational study results. Am J Epidemiol 178(4):645\u2013651","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13617_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.5.763","volume":"40","author":"SG Diamond","year":"1990","unstructured":"Diamond SG, Markham CH, Hoehn MM, McDowell FH, Muenter MD (1990) An examination of male-female differences in progression and mortality of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 40(5):763\u2013766","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13617_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.12.001","volume":"41","author":"R Patel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel R, Kompoliti K (2023) Sex and gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurol Clin 41(2):371\u2013379","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"13617_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822c9123","volume":"77","author":"AW Willis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willis AW, Schootman M, Evanoff BA, Perlmutter JS, Racette BA (2011) Neurologist care in Parkinson disease: a utilization, outcomes, and survival study. Neurology 77(9):851\u2013857","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13617_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020151","author":"D Richter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richter D, Bartig D, Muhlack S et al (2019) Dynamics of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Multimodal Complex Treatment in Germany from 2010\u207b2016: patient characteristics, access to treatment, and formation of regional centers. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8020151","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"9","key":"13617_CR42","first-page":"1679","volume":"57","author":"RC Chen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen RC, Chang SF, Su CL et al (2001) Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of PD: a door-to-door survey in Ilan county. Taiwan Neurol 57(9):1679\u20131686","journal-title":"Taiwan Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"13617_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa250","volume":"50","author":"SY Yoon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoon SY, Shin J, Kim YW, Chang JS, Won Kim H (2021) The mortality rate of Parkinson\u2019s disease and related comorbidities: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study in Korea. Age Ageing 50(4):1182\u20131188","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"13617_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455534","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2455534","volume":"57","author":"L Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang Y, Ji Z et al (2025) Trends of cause-specific cardiovascular disease mortality in China, 2009\u20132019: a nationwide longitudinal study. Ann Med 57(1):2455534","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"13617_CR45","unstructured":"China Cause of Death Surveillance Dataset (2021) China Science and Technology Press, Beijing"},{"issue":"7","key":"13617_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319815","volume":"90","author":"MD Shepard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shepard MD, Perepezko K, Broen MPG et al (2019) Suicide in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 90(7):822\u2013829","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"13617_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.08.016","volume":"289","author":"VS Kosti\u0107","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kosti\u0107 VS, Pekmezovi\u0107 T, Tomi\u0107 A et al (2010) Suicide and suicidal ideation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci 289(1\u20132):40\u201343","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"13617_CR48","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wan J et al (2023) Mutational spectrum and clinical features of GBA1 variants in a Chinese cohort with Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 9(1):129","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"13617_CR49","volume":"13","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wu H, Tang B, Guo J (2024) Clinical, mechanistic, biomarker, and therapeutic advances in GBA1-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease. Transl Neurodegener 13(1):48","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"issue":"3","key":"13617_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26071","volume":"30","author":"K Brockmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brockmann K, Srulijes K, Pflederer S et al (2015) GBA-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease: reduced survival and more rapid progression in a prospective longitudinal study. Mov Disord 30(3):407\u2013411","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"13617_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24777","volume":"80","author":"R Cilia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cilia R, Tunesi S, Marotta G et al (2016) Survival and dementia in GBA-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease: the mutation matters. Ann Neurol 80(5):662\u2013673","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"13617_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27490","volume":"33","author":"A Thaler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thaler A, Kozlovski T, Gurevich T et al (2018) Survival rates among Parkinson\u2019s disease patients who carry mutations in the LRRK2 and GBA genes. Mov Disord 33(10):1656\u20131660","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"13617_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26636","volume":"94","author":"A Lanore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lanore A, Casse F, Tesson C et al (2023) Differences in survival across monogenic forms of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 94(1):123\u2013132","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13617_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52244","volume":"12","author":"T Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song T, Zhou X, Wang C et al (2025) Clinical features and progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease with LRRK2 variants: a prospective study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 12(1):34\u201342","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"13","key":"13617_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312323","volume":"390","author":"WG Meissner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meissner WG, Remy P, Giordana C et al (2024) Trial of Lixisenatide in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 390(13):1176\u20131185","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10103","key":"13617_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31585-4","volume":"390","author":"D Athauda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Athauda D, Maclagan K, Skene SS et al (2017) Exenatide once weekly versus placebo in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 390(10103):1664\u20131675","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"13617_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12728","volume":"47","author":"E de Pablo-Fern\u00e1nz","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Pablo-Fern\u00e1nz E, Courtney R, Rockliffe A, Gentleman S, Holton JL, Warner TT (2021) Faster disease progression in Parkinson\u2019s disease with type 2 diabetes is not associated with increased \u03b1-synuclein, tau, amyloid-\u03b2 or vascular pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 47(7):1080\u20131091","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"13617_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29298","volume":"38","author":"PW Cullinane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cullinane PW, de Pablo Fernanz E, K\u00f6nig A, Outeiro TF, Jaunmuktane Z, Warner TT (2023) Type 2 Diabetes and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: a focused review of current concepts. Mov Disord 38(2):162\u2013177","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"13617_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101727","volume":"81","author":"M Faizan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Faizan M, Sarkar A, Singh MP (2022) Type 2 diabetes mellitus augments Parkinson\u2019s disease risk or the other way around: facts, challenges and future possibilities. Ageing Res Rev 81:101727","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"13617_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11496-y","volume":"270","author":"G Pezzoli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pezzoli G, Cereda E, Amami P et al (2023) Onset and mortality of Parkinson\u2019s disease in relation to type II diabetes. J Neurol 270(3):1564\u20131572","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13617_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13541","volume":"292","author":"M Hariz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hariz M, Blomstedt P (2022) Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Intern Med 292(5):764\u2013778","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"13617_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70049-2","volume":"11","author":"A Fasano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fasano A, Daniele A, Albanese A (2012) Treatment of motor and non-motor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease with deep brain stimulation. Lancet Neurol 11(5):429\u2013442","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"13617_CR63","volume":"118","author":"R Barbosa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barbosa R, Guedes LC, Cattoni MB et al (2023) Long-term follow-up of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: An analysis of survival and disability milestones. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 118:105921","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"13617_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01586-w","volume":"47","author":"J Weiss","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weiss J, Beydoun MA, Georgescu MF et al (2025) Polypharmacy and its association with dementia, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and mortality risk in UK adults: a multistate modeling approach. Geroscience 47(3):4349\u20134367","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"13617_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-02924-8","volume":"41","author":"Y Barer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barer Y, S\u00e1nchez-Soli\u00f1o O, Chodick G et al (2024) Risk for mortality in high versus low antiparkinsonian therapy dose during the first year of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a real-world study. Adv Ther 41(8):3419\u20133425","journal-title":"Adv Ther"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13617-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13617-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13617-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T12:57:55Z","timestamp":1773665875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13617-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["13617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13617-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest or financial relationships to disclose. No form of payment was given to anyone to produce the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"69"}}