{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:40:25Z","timestamp":1791988825084,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Klinikum der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tinnitus, i.e., the subjective perception of sound without an external source, is a common symptom of various medical conditions. In multiple ancient medical texts, descriptions of tinnitus-like symptoms can be found, but a comprehensive overview is lacking. Here, we collect and describe sources from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, Greece, the Roman Empire, and China. Based on these text segments, we demonstrate how tinnitus has been known since antiquity. In the second part of the article, we give an overview of contemporary tinnitus care and treatment, demonstrating how a multidisciplinary diagnostic workup is crucial, and how the correct diagnosis of tinnitus is important for neurological differential diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13650-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T17:58:12Z","timestamp":1771005492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tinnitus: well known in antiquity, highly relevant today"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1473-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doreen","family":"Huppert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-1462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Gerb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2649-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipp","family":"Filippopulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"13650_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60142-7","volume":"382","author":"D Baguley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baguley D, McFerran D, Hall D (2013) Tinnitus. Lancet 382:1600\u20131607","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"13650_CR2","unstructured":"Baier T, Brodersen K, Hose M (eds). Aulus Cornelius Celsus: De medicina \/ \u00dcber die medizinische Wissenschaft (2016) Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt"},{"key":"13650_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6523-5","volume":"259","author":"M Bauer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bauer M, Huppert D, Brandt T (2012) Fear of heights in ancient China. J Neurol 259:2223\u20132225","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2018.09.002","volume":"29","author":"A Bernaerts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bernaerts A, De Foer B (2019) Imaging of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re disease. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 29:19\u201328","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"13650_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e328357a6b3","volume":"20","author":"JA Beyea","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beyea JA, Agrawal SK, Parnes LS (2012) Recent advances in viral inner ear disorders. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 20:404\u2013408","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"13650_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215053222761","volume":"119","author":"B Dan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dan B (2005) Earliest historic reference of\u2019tinnitus\u2019 is controversial. J Laryngol Otol 119:78\u201378","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"13650_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-12913-8","volume":"272","author":"M Dieterich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dieterich M, Brandt T (2025) Vestibular paroxysmia: a systematic review. J Neurol 272:188","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215041615182","volume":"118","author":"S Dietrich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dietrich S (2004) Earliest historic reference of\u2019tinnitus\u2019 is controversial. J Laryngol Otol 118:487\u2013488","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"13650_CR9","unstructured":"Pliny the Elder. The Natural History. Vol II: Books 3\u20137. Translated by Rackham H, Jones WHS, Eichholz DE (1946) In: Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press, Book II, Chap. 3 (II ,6, \u00a71),"},{"key":"13650_CR10","unstructured":"Feldmann H (1991) History of Tinnitus Research. In: Shulman A, Ed (ed) Tinnitus: Diagnosis\/Treatment, Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, pp 33\u201337"},{"key":"13650_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerb J, Brandt T, Huppert D (2023). Historical descriptions of nystagmus and abnormal involuntary eye movements in various ancient cultures. Sci Progress 2023;106(3)","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504231191986"},{"key":"13650_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1573-3","volume":"268","author":"R G\u00fcrkov","year":"2011","unstructured":"G\u00fcrkov R, Flatz W, Louza J, Strupp M, Krause E (2011) In vivo visualization of endolyphatic hydrops in patients with Meniere\u2019s disease: correlation with audiovestibular function. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 268:1743\u20131748","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"13650_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7073-1","volume":"260","author":"D Huppert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huppert D, Benson J, Krammling B, Brandt T (2013) Fear of heights in Roman antiquity and mythology. J Neurol 260:2430\u20132432","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416646755","volume":"37","author":"D Huppert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huppert D, Brandt T (2017) Descriptions of vestibular migraine and Meniere\u2019s disease in Greek and Chinese antiquity. Cephalalgia 37:385\u2013390","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"13650_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13291-x","volume":"272","author":"D Huppert","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huppert D, Grill E, Becker-Bense S, Zwergal A, Strobl R (2025) Diagnostic challenges in vestibular migraine\u2014clinical differentiation from Meni\u00e8re\u2019s disease and discrepancies with current classification criteria. J Neurol 272:558","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR16","first-page":"29","volume":"32","author":"D Jacques","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacques D, Dubois T, Zdanowicz N, Garin P, Gilain C (2020) Multidisciplinary management of chronic tinnitus in audiophonology centre: survey of psychiatric comorbidities and psychotropic medications use over 10 years of activity. Psychiatr Danub 32:29\u201332","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"13650_CR17","unstructured":"Jones WHS, Withington ET (eds.), Hippocrates (1931) Corpus Hippocraticum. De morbis II.4. Loeb classical Libary Vol V, 427. Harvard University Press, Cambridge \/ Mass, pp 152\u2013255 II.17"},{"key":"13650_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2021.07.007","volume":"49","author":"A Karamitros","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karamitros A, Kalamatianos T, Stranjalis G, Anagnostou E (2022) Vestibular paroxysmia: clinical features and imaging findings; a literature review. J Neuroradiol 49:225\u2013233","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"13650_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11399-y","volume":"270","author":"E Kierig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kierig E, Gerb J, Boegle R, Ertl-Wagner B, Dieterich M, Kirsch V (2023) Vestibular paroxysmia entails vestibular nerve function, microstructure and endolymphatic space changes linked to root-entry zone neurovascular compression. J Neurol 270:82\u2013100","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.3.493","volume":"17","author":"C-H Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim C-H, Choi K-D (2021) Periodic tinnitus and direction-changing nystagmus in vestibular paroxysmia. J Clin Neurol (Seoul, Korea) 17:493","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol (Seoul, Korea)"},{"issue":"5","key":"13650_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334419","volume":"96","author":"V Kirsch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kirsch V, Boegle R, Gerb J, Kierig E, Ertl-Wagner BB, Becker-Bense S, Brandt T, Dieterich M (2025) Imaging endolymphatic space of the inner ear in vestibular migraine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 96(5):10\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334419","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"13650_CR22","unstructured":"K\u00fchn KG (ed). Galen. De symptomatum causis, Liber II, chap. 8. In: Claudii Galeni opera omnia (1824) Cnobloch, Leibzig, p 94"},{"key":"13650_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002472","volume":"41","author":"EC Landry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Landry EC, Sandoval XCR, Simeone CN, Tidball G, Lea J, Westerberg BD (2020) Systematic review and network meta-analysis of cognitive and\/or behavioral therapies (CBT) for tinnitus. Otol Neurotol 41:153\u2013166","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"13650_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70160-1","volume":"12","author":"B Langguth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Langguth B, Kreuzer PM, Kleinjung T, De Ridder D (2013) Tinnitus: causes and clinical management. Lancet Neurol 12:920\u2013930","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-201644","volume":"32","author":"T Lempert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J, Waterston J, Seemungal B, Carey J, Bisdorff A, Versino M, Evers S, Kheradmand A (2022) Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria (Update) consensus document of the B\u00e1r\u00e1ny Society and the International Headache Society. J Vestib Res 32:1\u20136","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"13650_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2012-0453","volume":"22","author":"T Lempert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J, Waterston J, Seemungal B, Carey J, Bisdorff A, Versino M, Evers S, Newman-Toker D (2012) Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res 22:167\u2013172","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"13650_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62630-1.00023-8","volume":"129","author":"RA Levine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Levine RA, Oron Y (2015) Tinnitus. Handb Clin Neurol 129:409\u2013431","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-150549","volume":"25","author":"JA Lopez-Escamez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lopez-Escamez JA, Carey J, Chung W-H, Goebel JA, Magnusson M, Mandal\u00e0 M, Newman-Toker DE, Strupp M, Suzuki M, Trabalzini F (2015) Diagnostic criteria for Meni\u00e8re\u2019s disease. J Vestib Res 25:1\u20137","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"13650_CR29","unstructured":"Mayhoff K (ed) C. Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historia, Liber II caput 3 (II, 6, \u00a71) (1892\u20131909) Teubner Leipzig\/M\u00fcnchen"},{"key":"13650_CR30","first-page":"219","volume":"119","author":"B Mazurek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mazurek B, Hesse G, Dobel C, Kratzsch V, Lahmann C, Sattel H (2022) Chronic tinnitus: diagnosis and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 119:219","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"13650_CR31","unstructured":"M\u00e9ni\u00e9re P (1861) Memoire sur des lesions de l'oreille interne donnant lieu a des symptomes de congestion cerebral apoplectiforme, Gazmed. De Paris s3 16:597\u2013601"},{"key":"13650_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200501000-00013","volume":"26","author":"SN Merchant","year":"2005","unstructured":"Merchant SN, Adams JC, Nadol JB Jr (2005) Pathophysiology of Meniere\u2019s syndrome: are symptoms caused by endolymphatic hydrops? Otol Neurotol 26:74\u201381","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"13650_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200402000-00004","volume":"17","author":"LB Minor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Minor LB, Schessel DA, Carey JP (2004) Meniere\u2019s disease. Curr Opin Neurol 17:9\u201316","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-014-0290-4","volume":"32","author":"S Naganawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Naganawa S, Nakashima T (2014) Visualization of endolymphatic hydrops with MR imaging in patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease and related pathologies: current status of its methods and clinical significance. Jpn J Radiol 32:191\u2013204","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"key":"13650_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328013f432","volume":"20","author":"HK Neuhauser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neuhauser HK (2007) Epidemiology of vertigo. Curr Opin Neurol 20:40\u201346","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR36","unstructured":"Nunn JF (1996) Ancient egyptian medicine. British Museum Press, London. Reissue: Norman OK (2002) University of Oklahoma Press"},{"key":"13650_CR37","volume":"12","author":"S-Y Oh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oh S-Y, Dieterich M, Lee BN, Boegle R, Kang J-J, Lee N-R, Gerb J, Hwang S-B, Kirsch V (2021) Endolymphatic hydrops in patients with vestibular migraine and concurrent Meniere\u2019s disease. Front Neurol 12:594481","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR38","first-page":"301","volume":"26","author":"P Raghavan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raghavan P, Steven A, Rath T, Gandhi D (2016) Advanced neuroimaging of tinnitus. Neuroimaging. Clinics 26:301\u2013312","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"13650_CR39","first-page":"466","volume":"21","author":"EAE Reymond","year":"1976","unstructured":"Reymond EAE (1976) A medical book from Crocodilopolis. P. Vindob. D. 6257. Med Hist 21:466\u2013466","journal-title":"Med Hist"},{"key":"13650_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61161-7","volume":"372","author":"H Sajjadi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sajjadi H, Paparella MM (2008) Meniere\u2019s disease. Lancet 372:406\u2013414","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"13650_CR41","volume-title":"Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian medicine: Ancient sources, translations, and modern medical analyses","author":"JA Scurlock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scurlock JA, Andersen B (2005) Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian medicine: Ancient sources, translations, and modern medical analyses. University of Illinois Press, United States"},{"key":"13650_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/01.moo.0000186335.44206.1c","volume":"13","author":"MT Semaan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Semaan MT, Alagramam KN, Megerian CA (2005) The basic science of Meniere\u2019s disease and endolymphatic hydrops. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 13:301\u2013307","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"13650_CR43","unstructured":"Sharma PV (1981 - 1994) Charaka Samhita with English Translation. Publisher: Chaukhambha Visva Bharati Oriental Publishers and Distributors, Varanasi"},{"key":"13650_CR44","unstructured":"Sharma PV (2001) Sushruta Samhita with English translation of text and Dalhan\u2019s Commentary along with critical note vol I, II, III. Publisher: Chaukhambha Visva Bharati Oriental Publishers and Distributors, Varanasi"},{"key":"13650_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.944001","author":"S Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi S, Wand D, Renl T, Wang W (2022) Auditory manifestations of vestibular migraine. Front Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.944001","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11151-6","volume":"269","author":"K Steinmetz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steinmetz K, Becker-Bense S, Strobl R, Grill E, Seelos K, Huppert D (2022) Vestibular paroxysmia: clinical characteristics and long-term course. J Neurol 269:6237\u20136245","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13650_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78260-3","volume-title":"Vertigo and Dizziness","author":"M Strupp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Strupp M, Brandt T, Dieterich M (2023) Vertigo and Dizziness. Springer Verlag, Common Complaints"},{"key":"13650_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000610","volume":"9","author":"M Strupp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strupp M, Elger C, Goldschagg N (2019) Treatment of vestibular paroxysmia with lacosamide. Neurol Clin Pract 9:539\u2013541","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"13650_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-160589","volume":"26","author":"M Strupp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strupp M, Lopez-Escamez JA, Kim J-S, Straumann D, Jen JC, Carey J, Bisdorff A, Brandt T (2017) Vestibular paroxysmia: diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res 26:409\u2013415","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"13650_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318281cc2c","volume":"80","author":"M Strupp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Strupp M, von Stuckrad-Barre S, Brandt T, Tonn JC (2013) Teaching neuro images: compression of the eighth cranial nerve causes vestibular paroxysmia. Neurology 80:e77\u2013e77","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13650_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10798-w","volume":"7","author":"W Sunwoo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sunwoo W, Jeon YJ, Bae YJ, Jang JH, Koo J-W, Song J-J (2017) Typewriter tinnitus revisited: the typical symptoms and the initial response to carbamazepine are the most reliable diagnostic clues. Sci Rep 7:10615","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13650_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2023.104178","volume":"45","author":"AN Taniguchi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taniguchi AN, Sutton SR, Mills JF, Nguyen SA, Rizk HG, Meyer TA, Nguyen JP, Lambert PR (2024) Placebo effect in randomized controlled trials for Meniere\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Otolaryngol 45:104178","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"13650_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00503-4","volume":"2","author":"Z Vass","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vass Z, Shore SE, Nuttall AL, Miller JM (1998) Direct evidence of trigeminal innervation of the cochlear blood vessels. Neuroscience 2:559\u2013567","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"13650_CR54","unstructured":"Wang H (ed) Huangdi neijing yanjiu dacheng (The great compendium of the research on the Huangdi Neijing) (1997). Beijing chubanshe, Beijing"},{"key":"13650_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei BP, Stathopoulos D, O'Leary S (2013) Steroids for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003998.pub3"},{"key":"13650_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C566","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.274.3.C566","volume":"274","author":"T-H Yeh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yeh T-H, Herman P, Tsai M-C, Huy PTB, Van Den Abbeele T (1998) A cationic nonselective stretch-activated channel in the Reissner\u2019s membrane of the guinea pig cochlea. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 274:C566\u2013C576","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13650-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13650-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13650-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:02:06Z","timestamp":1773784926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13650-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["13650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13650-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"D. Huppert, J. Gerb and F. Filippopulos report no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"142"}}