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We investigated the prognostic value of combined NfL and GFAP for McDonald 2024 MS diagnosis after CIS and associations with key genetic and environmental risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CIS participants, within six months after symptom onset, were included in a prospective cohort. We measured baseline serum NfL and GFAP levels and calculated z-scores. We evaluated weighted genetic risk scores for MS susceptibility, HLA-DRB1*15:01 risk and measured Anti-Epstein Barr virus Nuclear Antigen-1 (anti-EBNA1) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Associations with MS diagnosis were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During follow-up, 162\/221 CIS participants were diagnosed with McDonald 2024 MS. Separately, high NfL and GFAP associated with earlier MS diagnoses (hazard ratio (HR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12\u20131.66,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002, HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.42,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01, respectively). In combined models, only NfL remained independently predictive (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.60,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01). Time-dependent ROC analyses showed similar results for NfL alone and combined with GFAP. HLA-DRB1*15:01-risk, but not GFAP or anti-EBNA1 IgG, improved predictive value.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study found that serum NfL outperformed GFAP in predicting early MS diagnoses after CIS. Baseline NfL, together with HLA-DRB1*15:01 status, provides robust early risk stratification for MS after CIS, whereas GFAP and anti-EBNA1 titres add limited prognostic value. Additional immunological and imaging markers are essential to further refine predictive models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13667-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T14:06:33Z","timestamp":1770645993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Serum neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein predicting multiple sclerosis after clinically isolated syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6531-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cato E. A.","family":"Corsten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle S. 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Corsten, V. Geraedts, A. Marques, M.J. Melief, B. Koelewijn \u2013 van Vliet, J. van Rooij, M. Ciaccio, L. Agnello, A. Tintu, and B. Wokke report no competing interests. J. Kuhle received speaker fees, research support, travel support, and\/or served on advisory boards by Swiss MS Society, Swiss National Research Foundation (320030_212534\/1), University of Basel, Progressive MS Alliance, Alnylam, Argenx, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Immunic, Merck, Neurogenesis, Novartis, Octave Bioscience, Quanterix, Roche, Sanofi, Stata DX. J. Smolders reports grants for scientific research from Biogen, Roche, and Siemens Healthineers and received a speaker and\/or consultancy fee from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The Medical Ethical Committee of the Erasmus MC Rotterdam approved the study protocol (MEC-2021-0946).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"128"}}