{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:53:46Z","timestamp":1792007626715,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82302860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82302860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82102665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82102665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81974356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81974356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13713-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T07:59:39Z","timestamp":1773302379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of rTMS and TBS on the motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hewei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"13713_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23732","volume":"26","author":"AH Schapira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schapira AH, Jenner P (2011) Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 26(6):1049\u20131055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23732","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9996","key":"13713_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","volume":"386","author":"LV Kalia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kalia LV, Lang AE (2015) Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 386(9996):896\u2013912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"13713_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322338","volume":"91","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Tan EK (2020) Parkinson\u2019s disease: etiopathogenesis and treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91(8):795\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322338","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"13713_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.05.016","volume":"64","author":"R Schulz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schulz R, Gerloff C, Hummel FC (2013) Non-invasive brain stimulation in neurological diseases. Neuropharmacology 64:579\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.05.016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"13713_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3855(02)00109-3","volume":"67","author":"A Galinowski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Galinowski A, Paill\u00e8re-Martinot ML (2002) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation:: the introduction of a new therapeutic tool in psychiatry. Evol Psychiatr 67(1):155\u2013169","journal-title":"Evol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"13713_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00585-5","volume":"112","author":"EM Wassermann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wassermann EM, Lisanby SH (2001) Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review. Clin Neurophysiol 112(8):1367\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00585-5","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"13713_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0879-0_7","volume":"89","author":"L Oberman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oberman L (2014) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols. Neuromethods 89:129\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-0879-0_7","journal-title":"Neuromethods"},{"issue":"14","key":"13713_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26439","volume":"30","author":"M van den Noort","year":"2015","unstructured":"van den Noort M, Bosch P, Yeo S, Lim S (2015) Transcranial magnetic stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 30(14):1973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26439","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"13713_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","volume":"131","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C et al (2020) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014\u20132018). Clin Neurophysiol 131(2):474\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"13713_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.09.002","volume":"118","author":"MF del Olmo","year":"2007","unstructured":"del Olmo MF, Bello O, Cudeiro J (2007) Transcranial magnetic stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 118(1):131\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.09.002","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"13713_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7295414","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7295414","volume":"2020","author":"S Zhuang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhuang S, Wang FY, Gu X et al (2020) Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2020:7295414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7295414","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"13713_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01427-5","volume":"21","author":"JP Romero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Romero JP, Moreno-Verdu M, Arroyo-Ferrer A et al (2024) Clinical and neurophysiological effects of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and EEG-guided neurofeedback in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized, four-arm controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 21(1):135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-024-01427-5","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"13713_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354455","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1354455","volume":"16","author":"W Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song W, Zhang Z, Lv B et al (2024) High-frequency rTMS over bilateral primary motor cortex improves freezing of gait and emotion regulation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Front Aging Neurosci 16:1354455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1354455","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"13713_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120770","volume":"452","author":"A Potvin-Desrochers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Potvin-Desrochers A, Martinez-Moreno A, Clouette J, Parent-L\u2019Ecuyer F, Lajeunesse H, Paquette C (2023) Upregulation of the parietal cortex improves freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci 452:120770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120770","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"13713_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","volume":"8","author":"P Grp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grp P, Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2010) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg 8(5):336\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"13713_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1054","volume":"3","author":"G van Valkenhoef","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Valkenhoef G, Lu GB, de Brock B, Hillege H, Ades AE, Welton NJ (2012) Automating network meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods 3(4):285\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1054","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"13713_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000507","volume":"45","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Xu P, Guo X, Zou T (2022) Comparative analysis of the effects of escitalopram, pramipexole, and transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in patients with Parkinson disease: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol 45(4):84\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000507","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"13713_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312445636","volume":"26","author":"DH Benninger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benninger DH, Iseki K, Kranick S, Luckenbaugh DA, Houdayer E, Hallett M (2012) Controlled study of 50-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 26(9):1096\u20131105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545968312445636","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"3","key":"13713_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1159\/000445296","volume":"73","author":"A Makkos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Makkos A, Pal E, Aschermann Z et al (2016) High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can improve depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychobiology 73(3):169\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000445296","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13713_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.05.002","volume":"6","author":"T Maruo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maruo T, Hosomi K, Shimokawa T et al (2013) High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary foot motor area in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Stimul 6(6):884\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2013.05.002","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"13713_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.07.006","volume":"80","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Mi TM, Zhu BF et al (2020) High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex relieves musculoskeletal pain in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 80:113\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.07.006","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"13713_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.10.009","volume":"68","author":"TM Mi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mi TM, Garg S, Ba F et al (2019) High-frequency rTMS over the supplementary motor area improves freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 68:85\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.10.009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"18","key":"13713_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003279","volume":"87","author":"M Brys","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brys M, Fox MD, Agarwal S et al (2016) Multifocal repetitive TMS for motor and mood symptoms of Parkinson disease: a randomized trial. Neurology 87(18):1907\u20131915","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"13713_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22348","volume":"24","author":"SR Filipovic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Filipovic SR, Rothwell JC, van de Warrenburg BP, Bhatia K (2009) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 24(2):246\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22348","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"13713_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319847968","volume":"33","author":"EM Khedr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khedr EM, Mohamed KO, Soliman RK, Hassan AMM, Rothwell JC (2019) The effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on advancing Parkinson\u2019s disease with dysphagia: double blind randomized clinical trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 33(6):442\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545968319847968","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"14","key":"13713_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23270","volume":"25","author":"E Pal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pal E, Nagy F, Aschermann Z, Balazs E, Kovacs N (2010) The impact of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord 25(14):2311\u20132317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23270","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"13713_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.09.023","volume":"47","author":"M Yokoe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yokoe M, Mano T, Maruo T et al (2018) The optimal stimulation site for high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a double-blind crossover pilot study. J Clin Neurosci 47:72\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.09.023","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"13713_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820ce6bb","volume":"76","author":"DH Benninger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Benninger DH, Berman BD, Houdayer E et al (2011) Intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of Parkinson disease. Neurology 76(7):601\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820ce6bb","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13713_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25319","volume":"42","author":"GJ Ji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ji GJ, Liu T, Li Y et al (2021) Structural correlates underlying accelerated magnetic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Hum Brain Mapp 42(6):1670\u20131681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.25319","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"7","key":"13713_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8160-x","volume":"263","author":"HW Shin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shin HW, Youn YC, Chung SJ, Sohn YH (2016) Effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on major depressive disorder in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 263(7):1442\u20131448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-016-8160-x","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13713_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00649.x","volume":"10","author":"EM Khedr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Khedr EM, Farweez HM, Islam H (2003) Therapeutic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Eur J Neurol 10(5):567\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00649.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"21","key":"13713_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000438373.32335.cf","volume":"81","author":"VFML Ramos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramos VFML, Paine RW, Thirugnanasambandam N (2013) Supplementary motor area stimulation for Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled study. Neurology 81(21):1881\u20131882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000438373.32335.cf","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"13713_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22168","volume":"23","author":"M Hamada","year":"2008","unstructured":"Effectiveness of rTMS on Parkinson\u2019s Disease Study Group J, Hamada M, Ugawa Y, Tsuji S (2008) High-frequency rTMS over the supplementary motor area for treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 23(11):1524\u20131531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22168","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"13713_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-140489","volume":"33","author":"MS Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim MS, Chang WH, Cho JW et al (2015) Efficacy of cumulative high-frequency rTMS on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Restor Neurol Neurosci 33(4):521\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/RNN-140489","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"13713_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01054-4","author":"S Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu S, Yang S, Wang C, Li JR, Wang L (2025) Effects of two types of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on brain network in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-025-01054-4","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"13713_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-018-4128-4","volume":"165","author":"LI Aftanas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aftanas LI, Gevorgyan MM, Zhanaeva SY et al (2018) Therapeutic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a placebo-controlled study. Bull Exp Biol Med 165(2):195\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10517-018-4128-4","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"13713_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7572-8","volume":"262","author":"C Eggers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eggers C, G\u00fcnther M, Rothwell J, Timmermann L, Ruge D (2015) Theta burst stimulation over the supplementary motor area in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 262(2):357\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-014-7572-8","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13713_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030321","author":"F Brugger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brugger F, Wegener R, Baty F et al (2021) Facilitatory rTMS over the Supplementary Motor Cortex impedes gait performance in Parkinson patients with freezing of gait. Brain Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11030321","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"13713_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5597-1","volume":"257","author":"C Eggers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eggers C, Fink GR, Nowak DA (2010) Theta burst stimulation over the primary motor cortex does not induce cortical plasticity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 257(10):1669\u20131674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-010-5597-1","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13713_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.05.061","volume":"628","author":"C Tard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tard C, Devanne H, Defebvre L, Delval A (2016) Single session intermittent theta-burst stimulation on the left premotor cortex does not alleviate freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett 628:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.05.061","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"15","key":"13713_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2f66","volume":"80","author":"Y Shirota","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shirota Y, Ohtsu H, Hamada M, Enomoto H, Ugawa Y (2013) Supplementary motor area stimulation for Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled study. Neurology 80(15):1400\u20131405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2f66","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"13713_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.08.009","volume":"8","author":"A Wagle Shukla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wagle Shukla A, Shuster JJ, Chung JW et al (2016) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy in Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis. PM R 8(4):356\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.08.009","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"13713_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01953-4","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Guo Z, McClure MA, He L, Mu Q (2020) Effect of rTMS on Parkinson\u2019s cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-020-01953-4","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"13713_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683221095034","volume":"36","author":"R Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li R, He Y, Qin W et al (2022) Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 36(7):395\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15459683221095034","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"13713_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1363115","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu S, Xu K et al (2024) Non-pharmacological therapies for treating non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1363115","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"13713_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.023","volume":"90","author":"DM Herz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herz DM, Siebner HR, Hulme OJ, Florin E, Christensen MS, Timmermann L (2014) Levodopa reinstates connectivity from prefrontal to premotor cortex during externally paced movement in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroimage 90:15\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.023","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13713-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13713-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13713-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:09:54Z","timestamp":1774516194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13713-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["13713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13713-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. And no AI tool was used to generate any part of the paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}],"article-number":"202"}}