{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T11:08:04Z","timestamp":1779448084469,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research [B] No. 23K24656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research [B] No. 23K24656"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research[C] No. 23K09948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research[C] No. 23K09948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-026-13776-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T03:43:01Z","timestamp":1775878981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Weight maintenance following enteral nutrition is associated with prolonged survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9209-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiharu","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8620-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8520-4338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiko","family":"Haraguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0774-2827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Morishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1439-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumi","family":"Itagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8577-6654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kota","family":"Bokuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7124-7658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2904-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazushi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3828-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshio","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"13776_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00845-8","volume":"19","author":"A Ludolph","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ludolph A, Dupuis L, Kasarskis E et al (2023) Nutritional and metabolic factors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 19:511\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-023-00845-8","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"13776_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.211474","volume":"82","author":"B Marin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marin B, Desport JC, Kajeu P et al (2011) Alteration of nutritional status at diagnosis is a prognostic factor for survival of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82:628\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2010.211474","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"13776_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22114","volume":"44","author":"S Paganoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paganoni S, Deng J, Jaffa M et al (2011) Body mass index, not dyslipidemia, is an independent predictor of survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 44:20\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.22114","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"13776_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-322909","volume":"91","author":"MR Janse van Mantgem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Janse van Mantgem MR, van Eijk RPA, van der Burgh HK et al (2020) Prognostic value of weight loss in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91:867\u2013875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2020-322909","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"13776_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09276-2","volume":"266","author":"T Shimizu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shimizu T, Nakayama Y, Matsuda C et al (2019) Prognostic significance of body weight variation after diagnosis in ALS: a single-centre prospective cohort study. J Neurol 266:1412\u20131420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-019-09276-2","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13776_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2012.678366","volume":"13","author":"T Shimizu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shimizu T, Nagaoka U, Nakayama Y et al (2012) Reduction rate of body mass index predicts prognosis for survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a multicenter study in Japan. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 13:363\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17482968.2012.678366","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler"},{"key":"13776_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319611","volume":"90","author":"C Moglia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moglia C, Calvo A, Grassano M et al (2019) Early weight loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: outcome relevance and clinical correlates in a population-based cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 90:666\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319611","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"13776_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26775","volume":"94","author":"S Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi S, Yoon SH, Sung J, Lee JH (2023) Association between fat depletion and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: CT-based body composition analysis. Ann Neurol 94:1116\u20131125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26775","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"13776_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3704","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113704","volume":"13","author":"J-W Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park J-W, Kim M, Baek S-H et al (2021) Body fat percentage and availability of oral food intake: prognostic factors and implications for nutrition in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nutrients 13:3704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13113704","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"13776_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48831-9","volume":"9","author":"Y Nakayama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nakayama Y, Shimizu T, Matsuda C et al (2019) Body weight variation predicts disease progression after invasive ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Rep 9:12262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-48831-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13776_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13468","volume":"25","author":"P J\u00e9sus","year":"2018","unstructured":"J\u00e9sus P, Fayemendy P, Nicol M et al (2018) Hypermetabolism is a deleterious prognostic factor in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 25:97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13468","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"13776_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000208117","volume":"102","author":"CJ Holdom","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holdom CJ, Janse van Mantgem MR, He J et al (2024) Variation in resting metabolic rate affects identification of metabolic change in geographically distinct cohorts of patients with ALS. Neurology 102:e208117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000208117","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13776_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326184","volume":"93","author":"M Cattaneo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cattaneo M, Jesus P, Lizio A et al (2022) The hypometabolic state: a good predictor of a better prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 93:41\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326184","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"13776_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317887","volume":"89","author":"FJ Steyn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steyn FJ, Ioannides ZA, van Eijk RPA et al (2018) Hypermetabolism in ALS is associated with greater functional decline and shorter survival. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89:1016\u20131023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317887","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"13776_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16264","volume":"31","author":"P Van Damme","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Damme P, Al-Chalabi A, Andersen PM et al (2024) European Academy of Neurology (EAN) guideline on the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in collaboration with European Reference Network for Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD). Eur J Neurol 31:e16264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.16264","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"13776_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bc0141","volume":"73","author":"RG Miller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ et al (2009) Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology 73:1218\u20131226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bc0141","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13776_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-001946","volume":"64","author":"M Urushitani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Urushitani M, Warita H, Atsuta N et al (2024) The clinical practice guideline for the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan\u2014update 2023. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 64:252\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-001946","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"13776_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2016.1270325","volume":"18","author":"A Fasano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fasano A, Fini N, Ferraro D et al (2017) Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, body weight loss and survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based registry study. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 18:233\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21678421.2016.1270325","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener"},{"key":"13776_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56752-5","volume":"14","author":"B Son","year":"2024","unstructured":"Son B, Lee J, Ryu S et al (2024) Timing and impact of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a comprehensive analysis. Sci Rep 14:7103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56752-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"13776_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60222-1","volume":"383","author":"A-M Wills","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wills A-M, Hubbard J, Macklin EA et al (2014) Hypercaloric enteral nutrition in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet 383:2065\u20132072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60222-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"13776_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25661","volume":"87","author":"AC Ludolph","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ludolph AC, Dorst J, Dreyhaupt J et al (2020) Effect of high-caloric nutrition on survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 87:206\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25661","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"13776_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.09.143","volume":"119","author":"M de Carvalho","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Carvalho M, Dengler R, Eisen A et al (2008) Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS. Clin Neurophysiol 119:497\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.09.143","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"13776_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.04.005","volume":"131","author":"JM Shefner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shefner JM, Al-Chalabi A, Baker MR et al (2020) A proposal for new diagnostic criteria for ALS. Clin Neurophysiol 131:1975\u20131978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.04.005","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"13776_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00210-5","volume":"169","author":"JM Cedarbaum","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cedarbaum JM, Stambler N, Malta E et al (1999) The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. J Neurol Sci 169:13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00210-5","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"13776_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2016.1245756","volume":"18","author":"T Shimizu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shimizu T, Ishikawa-Takata K, Sakata A et al (2017) The measurement and estimation of total energy expenditure in Japanese patients with ALS: a doubly labelled water method study. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 18:37\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21678421.2016.1245756","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener"},{"key":"13776_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1578","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005424","volume":"90","author":"T Shimizu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shimizu T, Bokuda K, Kimura H et al (2018) Sensory cortex hyperexcitability predicts short survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 90:e1578\u2013e1587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005424","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13776_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.07.016","volume":"275","author":"K Kollewe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kollewe K, Mauss U, Krampfl K et al (2008) ALSFRS-R score and its ratio: a useful predictor for ALS-progression. J Neurol Sci 275:69\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2008.07.016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"13776_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28064","volume":"69","author":"J Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang J, Zhao Y, Soares M et al (2024) Clinical prognostic factors predicting survival of motor neuron disease patients with gastrostomy: a retrospective analysis. Muscle Nerve 69:440\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.28064","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"13776_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081292","volume":"17","author":"D Sousa-Catita","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sousa-Catita D, Mascarenhas P, Oliveira C et al (2025) Nutrition and survival of 150 endoscopic gastrostomy-fed patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nutrients 17:1292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17081292","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"13776_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7646-2","volume":"262","author":"J Dorst","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dorst J, Dupuis L, Petri S et al (2015) Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a prospective observational study. J Neurol 262:849\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7646-2","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"13776_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.069997","volume":"99","author":"EJ Kasarskis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kasarskis EJ, Mendiondo MS, Matthews DE et al (2014) Estimating daily energy expenditure in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 99:792\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.113.069997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"13776_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.08.014","volume":"38","author":"P J\u00e9sus","year":"2019","unstructured":"J\u00e9sus P, Marin B, Fayemendy P et al (2019) Resting energy expenditure equations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, creation of an ALS-specific equation. Clin Nutr 38:1657\u20131665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.08.014","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"13776_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1159\/000518908","volume":"77","author":"M Kurihara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurihara M, Bamba S, Yasuhara S et al (2021) Factors affecting energy metabolism and prognosis in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Nutr Metab 77:236\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000518908","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"13776_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311541","volume":"87","author":"H Watanabe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Watanabe H, Atsuta N, Hirakawa A et al (2016) A rapid functional decline type of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is linked to low expression of TTN. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 87:851\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311541","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13776-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13776-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13776-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:43:38Z","timestamp":1779446618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13776-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["13776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-026-13776-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (Approval Nos. 22\u201319 and 23\u201317). Informed consent was obtained via an opt-out procedure. The study adhered to the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects of Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science and the Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Research of Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"267"}}